КЛАСТИЧЕСКИЕ ДАЙКИ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙ

Кластические дайки часто являются единственным свидетельством прошлых стихийных бедствий на слабообнаженных территориях, поэтому их находки исключительно важны, в том числе и для изучения землетрясений. Однако процессы, которые приводят к их формированию, многообразны, что сильно осложняет использование кластических даек для оценки сейсмической опасности в разных окружающих обстановках. Настоящая статья систематизирует главные триггеры, механизмы формирования и некоторые характерные для них признаки пластинообразных и цилиндрических геологических тел с особым акцентом на важность выявления инъекционных даек, образование которых происходит в результате внедрения разжиженного материала снизу вверх в осадочные слои вследствие действия аномально высокого порового дав‐ ления и разрывообразования. На основе ревизии известных признаков сейсмического разжижения и конкретных описаний инъекционных даек сформулировано 12 общих и 12 индивидуальных геолого‐ структурных критериев, применение которых непосредственно на обнажении позволяет достаточно точно установить их происхождение, связанное с землетрясениями, и исключить несейсмогенные триггеры. В дополнение по георадиолокационным данным, заверенным прямыми наблюдениями в канавах, выделено четыре поисковых признака, которые позволяют предварительно идентифицировать инъекционные дайки на радарограммах: трубообразная форма аномалии или сочетание трубообразной формы в нижней части с изо‐ метричной – в верхней [i]; относительно высокие значения однополярных положительных амплитуд сигналов [ii]; наличие одной и той же аномалии на соседних параллельных профилях, расположенных в пределах первых десятков метров друг от друга [iii]; стратиграфические разрывы осей синфазности на фоне их непре‐ рывного субгоризонтального положения (iv). Статья иллюстрирует возможности использования кластических даек для палеосейсмогеологических реконструкций, а именно для определения возраста и интервала повторяемости землетрясений, местоположения эпицентра, минимально возможной магнитуды и макросей‐ смической интенсивности по шкале MSK‐64. Таким образом, кластические дайки могут обеспечивать базовые геологические данные для оценки сейсмической опасности регионов, в которых рыхлые отложения, способные к разжижению, широко распространены.

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