SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF SEISMIC WAVE ATTENUATION IN THE SOUTH BAIKAL BASIN AND ADJACENT AREAS (BAIKAL RIFT)

Our detailed study of the crust and upper mantle of the South Baikal basin focused on seismic coda and seismic S-waves attenuation and estimated seismic quality factor (Q_S and Q_C), frequency parameter (n), attenuation coefficient (δ), total attenuation (Q_T), and the ratio of two components the total attenuation: intrinsic attenuation (Q_i), and attenuation due to scattering caused by the inhomogeneities of the medium (Q_SC). We calculated the sizes of inhomogeneities revealed in the block medium, which put their effect on the attenuation of seismic waves in different frequency ranges. The seismic wave attenuation field was analyzed in comparison with the geological and geophysical characteristics of the medium, and a direct relationship was established between attenuation, composition and active processes in the crust and upper mantle of the studied area. According to the estimated intrinsic attenuation (Q_i) and scattering attenuation (Q_SC) contributions into the total attenuation, intrinsic attenuation is generally dominant in the studied area, while the Q_SC component increases in the areas of large active faults.

1. Aki K., 1969. Analysis of the seismic coda of local earthquakes as scattered waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 74 (2), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB074i002p00615.

2. Aki K., 1980. Attenuation of shear-waves in the lithosphere for frequencies from 0.05 to 25 Hz. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 21 (1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(80)90019-9.

3. Aki K., 1981. Source and scatering effects on the spectra of small local earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71 (6), 1687–1700.

4. Aki K., Chouet B., 1975. Origin of the coda waves: source, attenuation and scattering effects. Journal of Geophysical Research 80 (23), 3322–3342. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB080i023p03322.

5. Arefiev S.S., 2003. Epicentral Seismological Studies. Akademkniga, Moscow, 375 p. (in Russian)

6. Arefiev S.S., Bykova V.V., Gileva N.A., Masalsky O.K., Matveev I.V., Matveeva N.V., Melnikova V.I., Chechelnitsky V.V., 2008. Preliminary results of epicentral observations of the Kultuk earthquake, August 27, 2008. Voprosy Inzhenernoi Seismologii 35 (4), 5–15 (in Russian)

7. Bukina K.I., Willemson L.H., Kovachev S.A., Soloviev S.L., 1983. Amplitude curves of bulk waves of Baikal earthquakes as observed by autonomous bottom seismographs. Izvestia AN SSSR, seriya Fizika Zemli (3), 82–87 (in Russian)

8. Dergachev A.A., 1982. Technique and results of determining seismic wave absorption in the central part of the Baikal rift zone. Geologiya i Geofizika (Soviet Geology and Geophysics) 23 (6), 94–101 (in Russian)

9. Dobrynina A.A., 2011. Coda-wave attenuation in the Baikal rift system lithosphere. Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors 188 (1–2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2011.05.008.

10. Dobrynina A.A., Chechel'nitskii V.V., San'kov V.A., 2011. Seismic quality factor of the lithosphere of the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system. Russian Geology and Geophysics 52 (5), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2011.04.008.

11. Dobrynina A.A., German V.I., 2016. Identification of weak earthquakes and industrial explosions in the area of the East Beiya open-pit mine (Khakassia, Russia). Bulletin of NNC RK (2), 96–99 (in Russian)

12. Dobrynina A.A., Sankov V.A., Chechelnitsky V.V., Déverchère J., 2016b. Spatial changes of seismic attenuation and multiscale geological heterogeneity in the Baikal Rift and surroundings from analysis of coda waves. Tectonophysics 675, 50–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.03.010.

13. Dobrynina А.А., Sankov V.A., Déverchère J., Chechelnitsky V.V., 2017. Factors influencing seismic wave attenuation in the lithosphere in continental rift zones. Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 8 (1), 107–133 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2017-8-1-0234.

14. Dobrynina A.A., Sankov V.A., Predein P.A., Chechelnitsky V.V., Tubanov Ts.A., 2016a. Heterogeneity of seismic wave attenuation on the Southern Pribaikalie and Transbaikalia. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University, Earth Sciences Series 17, 46–63 (in Russian)

15. Duchkov A.D. (Ed.), 1985. Heat Flow Data Catalogue of Siberia. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Acad. Sci., Novosibirsk, 82 p. (in Russian)

16. Egorkin A.V., Kun V.V., Chernyshev N.M., 1981. Absorption of longitudinal and transverse waves in the crust and upper mantle of the West Siberian plate and the Siberian platform. Izvestia AN SSSR, seriya Fizika Zemli (2), 37–50 (in Russian)

17. Emanov A.F., Seleznev V.S., Solov'ev V.M., Chichin I.S., Kaptsov O.V., Kashun V.N., Zhemchugova I.V., Duchkov A.D., 1999. Investigation of dynamic peculiarities of seasonal variations of wave fields on vibroseismic monitoring of a medium. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 40 (4), 474–486.

18. Gao S., Davis P.M., Liu H., Slack P.D., Zorin Y.A., Logatchev N.A., Kogan M., Burkholder P.D., Meyer R.P., 1994. Asymmetric upwarp of the asthenosphere beneath the Baikal rift zone, Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 99 (B8), 15319–15330. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00808.

19. Gao S.S., Liu K.H., Davis P.M., Slack P.D., Zorin Y.A., Mordvinova V.V., Kozhevnikov V.M., 2003. Evidence for small-scale mantle convection in the upper mantle beneath the Baikal rift zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B4), 2194. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002039.

20. Golenetsky S.I., 1976. Structure of the epicentral field of earthquakes in Pribaikalie and Transbaikalia. Izvestia AN SSSR, seriya Fizika Zemli (1), 85–94 (in Russian)

21. Golubev V.A., 2007. Conductive and Convective Heat Flows in the Baikal Rift Zone. Geo, Novosibirsk, 222 p. (in Russian)

22. Gusev A.A., 1995. Vertical profile of turbidity and Coda Q. Geophysical Journal International 123 (3), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06882.x.

23. Hammond W.C., Humphreys E.D., 2000. Upper mantle seismic wave attenuation: Effects of realistic partial melt distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105 (B5), 10987–10999. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900042.

24. Havskov J., Ottemoller L., 2003. SEISAN: The Earthquake Analysis Softwares for Windows, Solaris and Linux, Version 8.0. Institute of Solid Earth Physics, University of Bergen, Norway, 348 p.

25. Hutchinson D.R., Golmshtok A.Yu., Zonenshain L.P., Mur T.K., Scholz K.A., Klitgord K.D., 1993. Features of the sedimentary sequence of Lake Baikal based on the results of multichannel seismic surveys. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 34 (10–11), 25–36 (in Russian)

26. Kopnichev Y.F., 1977. The role of multiple scattering in the formation of a seismogram's tail. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Series Fizika Zemli 13, 394–398.

27. Kopnichev Y.F., 1991. New data on the structure of the upper mantle of the Baikal Rift System. Doklady AN SSSR 325 (5), 944–949 (in Russian)

28. Logachev N.A., 2001. Historic core of the Baikal rift zone. Doklady Earth Sciences 376 (1), 43–46.

29. Lysak S.V., 2002. Terrestrial heat flow in zones of active faults in Southern East Siberia. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 43 (8), 791–803.

30. Mak S., Chan L.S., Chandler A.M., Koo R., 2004. Coda Q estimates in the Hong Kong region. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 24 (1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.10.001.

31. Mats V.D., Ufimtsev G.F., Mandel’baum M.M., Alakshin A.M., Pospeev A.V., Shimaraev M.N., Khlystov O.M., 2001. The Baikal Basin in the Cenozoic: Structure and Geologic History. Siberian Branch of RAS Publishing House, Filial “Geo”, Novosibirsk, 252 p. (in Russian)

32. Mitchell B.J., 1981. Regional variation and frequency dependence of Qβ in the crust of the United States. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71 (5), 1531–1538.

33. Mitchell B.J., Cong L., Ekström G., 2008. A continent-wide map of 1-Hz Lg coda Q variation across Eurasia and its relation to lithospheric evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 113 (B4), B04303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005065.

34. Pavlenko O.V., 2012. About the updated general seismic zoning maps of the territory of the Russian Federation OSR-97* and maps OSR–2012. Earthquake engineering. Safety of Structures (5), 16–22 (in Russian)

35. Potapov V.A., Chechelnitsky V.V., Ivanov F.I., 1996. Characteristics of scattering of seismic waves from nearby earthquakes in Pribaikalie. In: N.A. Logachev, K.G. Levi (Eds.), Geophysical studies in East Siberia at the turn to the 21st century. Nauka, Novosibirsk, p. 172–176 (in Russian)

36. Predein P.A., Dobrynina A.A., Tubanov T.A., German E.I., 2017. CodaNorm: A software package for the body-wave attenuation calculation by the coda-normalization method. SoftwareX 6, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2016.12.004.

37. Pulli J.J., 1984. Attenuation of coda waves in New England. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 74 (4), 1149–1166.

38. Puzyrev N.N. (Ed.), 1981. Interior of Baikal from Seismic Data. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 105 p. (in Russian)

39. Puzyrev N.N. (Ed.), 1993. Detailed Seismic Studies of the Lithosphere Using P and S waves. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 199 p. (in Russian)

40. Radziminovich N.A., 2010. Focal depths of earthquakes in the Baikal region: a review. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 46 (3), 216–229. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351310030043.

41. Radziminovich N.A., Tubanov C.A., Miroshnichenko A.I., 2018. Epicentral zones in the South and Central Baikal areas. In: Geodynamics and minerageny of the North and Central Asia. Materials of the 5th All-Russia Scientific and Practical Conference. Publishing House of the Buryatian State University, Ulan-Ude, p. 303–305 (in Russian)

42. Rautian T.G., Khalturin V.I., 1978. The use of the coda for determination of the earthquake source spectrum. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68 (4), 923–948.

43. Sankov V.A., Lukhnev A.V., Miroshnitchenko A.I., Dobrynina A.A., Ashurkov S.V., Byzov L.M., Dembelov M.G., Calais E., Dé- verchère J., 2014. Contemporary horizontal movements and seismicity of the south Baikal Basin (Baikal rift system). Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 50 (6), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106935131406007X.

44. Sato H., Fehler M.C., 1998. Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Heterogeneous Earth. Springer-Verlag, New York, 308 p.

45. Shebalin N.V., Arefiev S.S., Vasiliev V.Yu., Tatevosyan R.E., 1991. From seismicity of areas to the structure of seismicity. Izvestia AN SSSR, seriya Fizika Zemli (9), 20–28 (in Russian)

46. Sherman S.I., 1992. Faults and tectonic stresses of the Baikal rift zone. Tectonophysics 208 (1–3), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90351-6.

47. Sherman S.I., Dem'yanovich V.M., Lysak S.V., 2004. Seismic process and active lithospheric failure in the Baikal rift system. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 45 (12), 1458–1470.

48. Solonenko A., Solonenko N., Melnikova V., Shteiman E., 1997. The seismicity and earthquake focal mechanisms of the Baikal rift zone. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine 21 (1), 207–231.

49. Spudich P., Iida M., 1993. The seismic coda, site effects, and scattering in alluvial basins studied using aftershocks of the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake as source arrays. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83 (6), 1721–1743.

50. Suvorov V.D., Mishenkina Z.M., Petrick G.V., Sheludko I.F., Seleznev V.S., Solovyov V.M., 2002. Structure of the crust in the Baikal rift zone and adjacent areas from Deep Seismic Sounding data. Tectonophysics 351 (1–2), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00125-7.

51. Suvorov V.D., Tubanov T.A., 2008. Distribution of local earthquakes in the crust beneath central Lake Baikal. Russian Geology and Geophysics 49 (8), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2007.09.019.

52. Tubanov Ts.A., Suvorov V.D., Tsydypova L.R., 2013. Transverse-wave velocities in the crust of the Baikal rift according to the data on nearby earthquakes. In: S.V. Rasskazov, A.M. Nikishin, S.P. Primina (Eds.), Continental rifting and related processes. Materials of the Second All-Russia Symposium with International Participation and the Youth Scientific School Dedicated to the Memory of Academicians N.А. Logachev and E.E. Milanovsky. IEC SB RAS, Irkutsk, Vol. 2, p. 117–120 (in Russian)

53. Ufimtsev G.F., Skovitina T.M., 2001. Modern structure of the eastern coast of Middle Baikal. Otechestvennaya Geologiya (2), 26–29 (in Russian)

54. Wennerberg L., 1993. Multiple-scattering interpretations of coda-Q measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83 (1), 279–290.

55. Zeng Y., 1991. Compact solutions for multiple scattered wave energy in time domain. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81 (3), 1022–1029.

56. Zhadin V.V., Dergachev A.A., 1973. Estimation of seismic quality factors of the crust from records of microearthquakes (data for the West Tuva region and the Baikal rift zone). Izvestia AN SSSR, seriya Fizika Zemli (2), 17–22 (in Russian)

57. Zherebtsov G.A. (Ed.), 2012. Seismoionospheric and Seismoelectromagnetic Processes in the Baikal Rift Zone. Publishing House of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 304 p. (in Russian)

58. Zorin Yu.I., Kozhevnikov V.M., Mordvinova V.V., Turutanov E.Kh., Popov A.M., Lysak S.V., Golubev V.A., Dorofeeva R.P., 1996. Deep structure and thermal regime of the lithosphere of Central Asia. In: N.A. Logachev (Ed.), Lithosphere of Central Asia. Nauka, Novosibirsk, p. 107–114 (in Russian)