Hentei-Dauria fold system of the Mongolia-Okhotsk belt: magmatism, sedimentogenesis, and geodynamics

The geostructural, petrological, geochemical, geochronological and biostratigraphic studies were conducted in the Hentei-Dauria fold system of the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. This Paleozoic system is composed mainly of three heterochronous rock associations related to the onset and development of oceanic basins and active margins in the conjugation zone of the Siberian continent and the Mongolia-Okhotsk ocean. This region developed in three stages: (1) Late Caledonian (Ordovician – Early Silurian), (2) Early Hercynian (Late Silurian – Devonian), and (3) Late Hercynian (Carboniferous–Permian). In the Late Caledonian, oceanic seafloor spreading was initiated, deep-sea siliceous deposits were formed, basaltic and andesitic pillow lavas were erupted, and layered and cumulative gabbros, gabbro-dolerite dykes and subduction zones with island-arc magmatism were formed. After a short quiescence period, new zones of spreading and subduction occurred at the active margins of the Mongolia-Okhotsk ocean in the Early Hercynian. In the Late Hercynian, large back-arc sedimentary basins, accretionary prisms and connecting intraplate magmatic complexes were formed in all structures of the Hentei-Dauria fold system. As a result of our studies, we propose a comprehensive model showing the geodynamic development of the Hentei-Dauria fold system that occurred in the area of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean and its margins.

1. Altanzul Ch., Oyuungerel S., Zhargal L., Lee I., Kim Y., Khasmaral T., 2018. Study of magma rock ages in Boroo-Zuunmod. Explorer (Khaiguulchin) 59, 211–232 (in Mongolian) [Алтанзул Ч., Оюунгэрэл С., Жаргал Л., Lee I., Kim Y., Хасмарал Т., 2018. Бороо-Зуунмодны дyyрэгт тархсан магмын чулуулгийн yнэмлэхyй насны судалгаа // Хайгуулчин. № 59. Х. 211–232.

2. Amantov V.A., 1975. Tectonics and Formations of Transbaikalia and Northern Mongolia. Nedra, Leningrad, 224 p. (in Russian).

3. Amantov V.A., Blagonravov V.A., Borzakovsky Yu.A., Durante M.V., Zonenshain L.P., Louvsandanzan B., Matrosov P.S., Suetenko O.D., Filippova I.B., Khasin R.A., 1970. The main features of the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Mongolian People's Republic. In: N.A. Marinov (Ed.), Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Mongolian People's Republic. Nauka, Moscow, p. 8–64 (in Russian).

4. Anashkina K.K., Butin K.S., Enikeev F.I. et al., 1997. Geological Structure of the Chita Region. Explanatory Note to the Geological Map of Scale 1: 500000. Eds. I.G. Rutshtein, N.N. Chaban. Chitageolsiemka, Chita, 239 p. (in Russian).

5. Badarch G., Cunningham W.D., Windley B.F., 2002. A new terrane subdivision for Mongolia: implications for the Phanerozoic crustal growth of Central Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21 (1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00017-2.

6. Belichenko V.G., Sklyarov E.V., Dobretsov N.L., Tomurtogoo O., 1994. Geodynamic map of the Paleoasian Ocean. Eastern segment. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 35 (7–8), 29–40 (in Russian).

7. Borisov V.G., 1972. New data on the stratigraphy of the Upper Proterozoic – Lower Paleozoic in the western part of Central Transbaikalia. In: Notes of the Transbaikalian Branch of the USSR Geographical Society. Issue 75. Transbaikalian Branch of the USSR Geographical Society, Chita, p. 3–5 (in Russian).

8. Bulgatov A.N., Gordienko I.V., 2014. Fold systems of the Sayan-Baikal mountain area. In: Tectonics of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia. Explanatory note to the tectonic map of Northern-Central-Eastern Asia and adjacent areas. Scale 1:2500000. VSEGEI Printing House, Saint Petersburg, p. 53–59.

9. Bulgatov A.N., Klimuk B.C., Shivokhin E.A., 2010. Kulinda suite in the stratotype (Eastern Transbaikalia, Mongolia-Okhotsk fold belt). Otechestvennaya Geologia (Russian Geology) (4), 54–60 (in Russian).

10. Bussien D., Gombojav N., Winkler W., Von Quadt A., 2011. The Mongol-Okhotsk Belt in Mongolia – an appraisal of the geodynamic development by the study of sandstone provenance and detrital zircons. Tectonophysics 510 (1–2), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.06.024.

11. Dobretsov N.L., 1981. Global Petrological Processes. Nedra, Moscow, 236 p. (in Russian)

12. Dobretsov N.L., Korsakov L.P., Sklyarov E.V., 1988. Glaucophane schist belts of the Southern Siberia and the Amur region. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 29 (1), 3–11 (in Russian).

13. Dorjsuren B., Bujinlkham B., Minjin Ch., Tsukada K., 2006. Geological settings of the Ulaanbaatar terrane in the Hangay-Hentey zone of the Devonian accretionary complex, Central Asian orogenic belt. In: Structural and tectonic correlation across the Central Asian orogenic collage: implications for continental growth and intracontinental deformation. Abstract and guidebook volume of Mongolian Workshop IGCP-480. Ulaanbaatar, p. 39–42.

14. Elbaev A.L., Gordienko I.V., Bayanova T.B., 2017. The U-Pb age of the rocks of the Hutul plagiodunite-troctolite-gabbro massif (Northern Mongolia). In: Proceedings of the IV All-Russia Youth Conference. Publishing House of the Buryatian State University, Ulan-Ude, p. 14–15 (in Russian).

15. Gordienko I.V., 1983. North-Khentei region. In: I.V. Luchitsky (Ed.), Continental volcanism of Mongolia. Nauka, Moscow, p. 55–67 (in Russian).

16. Gordienko I.V., 1987. Paleozoic Magmatism and Geodynamics of the Central Asian Fold Belt. Nauka, Moscow, 238 p. (in Russian).

17. Gordienko I.V., 1994. Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk fold belt. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 9 (4), 429–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(94)90054-X.

18. Gordienko I.V., 1996. Correlation of pre-Jurassic sections of ancient continents and microcontinents in East Asia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 13 (3-5), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(96)00028-1.

19. Gordienko I.V., 2006. Geodynamic evolution of late baikalides and paleozoids in the folded periphery of the Siberian craton. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 47 (1), 51–67.

20. Gordienko I.V., 2012. Fragments of the Ordovician and Devonian oceanic crust in the structures of the western part of the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. In: Problems of geology and integrated development of natural resources of East Asia. The second All-Russia scientific conference. Institute of Geology and Natural Resources Management FEB RAS, Blagoveshchensk, p. 7–10 (in Russian).

21. Gordienko I.V., 2014. Metallogeny of various geodynamic settings of the Mongolo-Transbaikalian region. Geology and Mineral Resources of Siberia (3s, Part 1), 7–13 (in Russian).

22. Gordienko I.V., Antonov A.Yu., Medvedev A.Ya., Orsoev D.A., Vetluzhskikh L.I., Badmatsyrenova R.A., Klimuk V.S., Elbaev A.L., Gorokhovsky D.V., 2012a. New data on magmatism and the geological structure of Central Transbaikalia. In: Geodynamic evolution of the lithosphere of the Central Asian mobile belt (from ocean to continent). Issue 10. IEC SB RAS, Irkutsk, Vol. 1, p. 60–62 (in Russian).

23. Gordienko I.V., Medvedev A.Y., Gornova M.A., Tomurtogoo O., Goneger T.A., 2012b. The Haraa Gol terrane in the western Hentiyn Mountains (northern Mongolia): geochemistry, geochronology, and geodynamics. Russian Geology and Geophysics 53 (3), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2012.02.005.

24. Gordienko I.V., Medvedev A.Y., Tomuurtogoo O., 2010. Magmatism of the Kharagol terrain (Western Hentay, Mongolia). In: Geodynamic evolution of the lithosphere of the Central Asian mobile belt (from ocean to continent). Issue 8. IEC SB RAS, Irkutsk, Vol. 1, p. 72–73 (in Russian).

25. Gordienko I.V., Metelkin D.V., 2016. The evolution of the subduction zone magmatism on the Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic active margins of the Paleoasian Ocean. Russian Geology and Geophysics 57 (1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2016.01.005.

26. Gordienko I.V., Minina O.R., Vetluzhskikh L.I., Elbaev A.L., Tomurtogoo O., Odgerel D., Ariunchimag Ya., 2017. Khentei-Dauria active continental margin of the Mongolia-Okhotsk oceanic basin (sedimentation, magmatism, and geodynamic evolution). In: Geodynamic evolution of the lithosphere of the Central Asian mobile belt (from ocean to continent). Issue 15. IEC SB RAS, Irkutsk, p. 59–61 (in Russian).

27. Gordienko I.V., Vetluzhskikh L.I., Mikhaltsov N.E., Kulakov E.V., 2018. New palaeomagnetic data from Argun terrane. Testing its association with Amuria and the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. Geophysical Journal International 213 (3), 1463–1477. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy057.

28. Gornova M.A., Almukhamedov A.I., Gordienko I.V., Kuz’min M.I., Medvedev A.Y., Tomurtogoo O., 2004. Adatsag ophiolitic complex (Northern Gobi, Mongolia) – fragment of the paleoastrocontaining system. In: Geodynamic evolution of the lithosphere of the Central Asian mobile belt (from ocean to continent). Issue 2. Publishing House of the Institute of Geography SB RAS, Irkutsk, Vol. 1, p. 98–101 (in Russian).

29. Gusev G.S., Khain V.E., 1995. On the ratio of the Baikal-Vitim, Aldan-Stanovoye and Mongolia-Okhotsk terrains (southern regions of Central Siberia). Geotektonika (Geotectonics) (5), 68–82 (in Russian).

30. Kashiwagi K., Tsukada K., Minjin C., 2004. Paleozoic spherical radiolarians from the Gorkhi Formation, southwest Hentey range, central Mongolia; a preliminary report. Mongolian Geoscientist 24, 17–26.

31. Kelty T.K., An Yin, Batulzii Dash, Gehrels G.E., Ribeiro A.E., 2008. Detrital-zircon geochronology of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Hangay–Hentey basin, North-Central Mongolia: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in Central Asia. Tectonophysics 451 (1–4), 290–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.052.

32. Khanchuk A.I. (Ed.), 2006. Geodynamics, Magmatism and Metallogeny of the Eastern Regions of Russia. Book 1. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, 572 p. (in Russian).

33. Khanchuk A.I., Didenko A.N., Popeko L.I., Sorokin A.A., Shevchenko B.F., 2015. Structure and evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt. In: A. Kröner (Ed.), The Central Asian Orogenic Belt: geology, evolution, tectonics, and models. Beiträge zur Regionalen Geologie der Erde, vol. 32, p. 211–234.

34. Kotlyar G.V., Popeko L.I., 1974. Carboniferous deposits of the Transbaikalia. In: L.I. Krasny, L.I. Popeko (Eds.), Paleozoic of the Far East. Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics, Far East Branch of the USSR Acad. Sci., Khabarovsk, p. 140–158 (in Russian).

35. Kravchinsky V.A., Cogné J.P., Harbert W.P., Kuzmin M.I., 2002. Evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean as constrained by new palaeomagnetic data from the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone, Siberia. Geophysical Journal International 148 (1), 34–57. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01557.x.

36. Kurihara T., Tsukada K., Otoh S., Kashivagi K., Minjin Ch., Sersmaa G., Dorjsuren B., Bujinlkham B., 2006. Middle Paleozoic radiolarians from the Gorkhi formation, Central Mongolia. In: Structural and tectonic correlation across the Central Asian Orogenic Collage: implications for continental growth and intracontinental deformation. Abstract and guidebook volume of Mongolian Workshop IGCP-480. Ulaanbaatar, p. 67.

37. Kurilenko A.V., Yadrishchenskaya N.G., Neberikutina L.N., 2015. Stages of sedimentation of the Silurian-Devonian deposits of the Aga zone of the Eastern Transbaikalia. In: Modern problems of paleontology. Materials of the LXI session of the Paleontological Society. VSEGEI Publishing House, Saint Petersburg, p. 62–64 (in Russian).

38. Kuzmin M.I., Filippova I.B., 1979. The history of development of the Mongolia-Okhotsk belt in the Middle Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic. In: L.P. Zonenshain, O.G. Sorokhtin (Eds.), The structure of lithospheric plates. Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Acad. Sci., Moscow, p. 189–226 (in Russian).

39. Marinov N.A. (Ed.), 1973a. Geology of the Mongolian People's Republic. Vol. I. Nedra, Moscow, 584 p. (in Russian).

40. Marinov N.A. (Ed.), 1973b. Geology of the Mongolian People's Republic. Vol. II. Nedra, Moscow, 752 p. (in Russian).

41. Medvedev A.Y., Bulgatov A.N., Gornova M.A., Gordienko I.V., Al’mukhamedov A.I., 2007. Metavolcanites from Kyran block (Eastern Transbaikalia). Litosfera (Lithosphere) (1), 138–146 (in Russian).

42. Minina O.R., Ariunchimeg Y., Gordienko I.V., Vetluzhskikh L.I., 2016a. New data on the age of the Paleozoic deposits of the Hangai-Hentei megazone of the Northern Mongolia. In: Geodynamic evolution of the lithosphere of the Central Asian mobile belt (from ocean to continent). Issue 14. IEC SB RAS, Irkutsk, p. 199–201 (in Russian).

43. Minina O.R., Kurilenko A.V., Ariunchimeg Y., Naugolnykh S.V., Vetluzhskikh L.I., 2016b. New data on the age of the Carboniferous deposits of the Hangai-Hentei megazone of the Northern Mongolia. In: The 70th anniversary of Mongolian paleontolocial expedition of Academy of Sciences, USSR. International Symposium Abstract Volume. Institute of Paleontology and Geology, Ulaanbaatar, p. 54–55 (in Russian).

44. Minina O.R., Kurilenko A.V., Ariunchimeg Y., Vetluzhskikh L.I., Naugolnych S.V., 2017. New data on the age of deposits of the Khentey series (Khangay-Khentey megazone, Northern Mongolia). In: Kazan Golovkinsky stratigraphic meeting 2017 abstract volume. KFU, Kazan, p. 130–132.

45. Mullen E.D., 1983. MnO/TiO2/P2O5: a minor element discriminant for basaltic rocks of oceanic environments and its implications for petrogenesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 62 (1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90070-5.

46. Nokleberg W.J., Parfenov L.M., Monger J.W.H., Baranov B.B., Byalobzhesky S.G., Bundtzen T.K., Feeney T.D., Fujita K., Gordey S.P., Grantz A., Khanchuk A.I., Natal'in B.A., Natapov L.M., Norton I.O., Patton W.W. Jr., Plafker G., Scholl D.W., Sokolov S.D., Sosunov G.M., Stone D.B., Tabor R.W., Tsukanov N.V., Vallier T.L., Wakita K., 1994. Circum-North Pacific Tectonostratigraphic Terrane Map. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-714. New York, 221 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94714.

47. Parfenov L.M., Nokleberg W.J., Khanchuk A.I., 1998. Principles of compilation and main subdivisions of the legend for the geodynamic map of North and Central Asia, the southern regions of the Russian Far East, Korea and Japan. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 17 (3), 3–13 (in Russian).

48. Parfenov L.M., Popeko L.I., Tomurtogoo O., 1999. Problems of tectonics of the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 18 (5), 24–43 (in Russian).

49. Peive A.V., Yanshin A.L., Zonenshain L.P. et al., 1976. Formation of the continental crust of Northern Eurasia (in connection with the compilation of a new tectonic map). Geotektonika (Geotectonics) (5), 6–23 (in Russian).

50. Petrov O.V., Leonov Yu.G., Tingdong L., Tomurtogoo O. (Eds.), 2014. Tectonics of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia. Explanatory Note to the Tectonic Map of Nortern-Central-Eastern Asia and Adjacent Areas. Scale 1:2500000. VSEGEI Printing House, Saint Petersburg, 192 р.

51. Ruppen D., Knaf A., Bussien D., Winkler W., Chimedtseren A., Quadt A., 2014. Restoring the Silurian to Carboniferous northern active continental margin of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean in Mongolia: Hangay–Hentey accretionary wedge and seamount collision. Gondwana Research 25 (4), 1517–1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.05.022.

52. Rutshtein I.G., Starchenko V.V. (Eds.), 1979. Geological Map of the Chita Region. Scale 1:500000. The USSR Ministry of Geology, Moscow (in Russian).

53. Ruzhentsev S.V., Minina O.R., Nekrasov G.E., Aristov V.A., Golionko B.G., Doronina N.A., Lykhin D.A., 2012. The Baikal-Vitim fold system: structure and geodynamic evolution. Geotectonics 46 (2), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852112020033.

54. Ruzhentsev S.V., Nekrasov G.E., 2009. Tectonics of the Aga zone, Mongolia-Okhotsk belt. Geotectonics 43 (1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852109010038.

55. Şengör A.M.C., Natal'in B.A., Burtman V.S., 1993. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature 364 (6435), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1038/364299a0.

56. Shivokhin E.A., Ozersky A.F., Artamonova N.A., Dukhovsky A.A., Karasev V.V., Kurilenko A.V., Nadezhdina T.N., Pavlenko Y.V., Raitina N.I., Shor G.M., 2010. State Geological Map of the Russian Federation. Scale 1:1000000 (third generation). Sheet M-50 – Borzya. Explanatory note. VSEGEI Cartographic Factory, Saint Petersburg, 553 p. (in Russian).

57. Sizova P.P., 1935. To the Description of the Sections of the Lower Carboniferous Deposits of the Urmuktei Mountain Area and the Khaptagai Mountains in Mongolia. Proceedings of the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Acad. Sci. No. 15. 14 p. (in Russian).

58. Sklyarov E.V., Mazukabzov A.M., Donskaya T.V., Doronina N.A., Shafeev A.A., 1994. The complex of the metamorphic core of the Zagan ridge (Transbaikalia). Doklady AN 339 (1), 83–86 (in Russian).

59. Sorokin A.A., Kudryashov N.M., 2015. The first U-Pb geochronological and geochemical data on Late Vendian and Early Paleozoic acid volcanic rocks of the Mamyn Terrane (Central Asian Fold Belt). Doklady Earth Sciences 465 (2), 1237–1242. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X15120077.

60. Sorokin A.A., Kudryashov N.M., 2017. The Cambrian–Ordovician diorite–granodiorite–granite association of the Mamyn Terrane (Central Asian Fold Belt): U-Pb geochronological and geochemical data. Doklady Earth Sciences 472 (1), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X17010275.

61. Sorokin A.A., Smirnova Y.N., Kotov A.B., Kovach V.P., Sal’nikova E.B., Popeko L.I., 2015. Provenances of the paleozoic terrigenous sequences of the Oldoi terrane of the Central Asian orogenic belt: Sm-Nd isotope geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology (LA-ICP-MS). Geochemistry International 53 (6), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702915040072.

62. Sun S.S., McDonough W.E., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: A.D. Sanders, M.J. Norry (Eds.), Magmatism in the oceanic basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 42, p. 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.042.01.19.

63. Tamura Y., Tani K., Ishizuka O., Chang Q., Shukuno H., Fiske R.S., 2005. Are arc basalts dry, wet, or both? Evidence from the Sumisu caldera volcano, Izu–Bonin arc, Japan. Journal of Petrology 46 (9), 1769–1803. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi033.

64. Tomurtogoo O., 2005. Tectonics and structural evolution of Mongolia. In: SEG-IAGOD Field Trip (14–16 August, 2005). 8 Bieninal SGA Meeting IAGOD Guidebook Series, vol. 11. London, p. 5–12.

65. Tomurtogoo O., 2014. Tectonics of Mongolia. In: O.V. Petrov, Yu.G. Leonov, L. Tingdong, O. Tomurtogoo (Eds.), Tectonics of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia. Explanatory Note to the Tectonic Map of Northern-Central-Eastern Asia and adjacent areas. Scale 1:2500000. VSEGEI Printing House, Saint Petersburg, p. 110–126.

66. Tomurtogoo O., Windley B.F., Kröner A., Badarch G., Liu D.Y., 2005. Zircon age and occurrence of the Adaatsag ophiolite and Muron shear zone, Central Mongolia: constraints on the evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk ocean, suture and orogen. Journal of the Geological Society 162 (1), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-146.

67. Tsygankov A.A., Burmakina G.N., Khubanov V.B., Buyantuev M.D., 2017. Geodynamics of Late Paleozoic batholith-forming processes in western Transbaikalia. Petrology 25 (4), 396–418. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591117030043.

68. Voznesenskaya T.A., 1998. Nature of the Caledonian Khentei basin, Mongolia. Lithology and Mineral Resources 33 (4), 369–379.

69. Yanshin A.L. (Ed.), 1974. Tectonics of the Mongolian People's Republic. Nauka, Moscow, 284 p. (in Russian).

70. Yanshin A.L. (Ed.), 1989. Map of Geological Formations of the Mongolian People's Republic. Scale 1:1500000. Novosibirsk Cartographic Factory, the USSR State Department of Geology and Cartography, Novosibirsk (in Russian).

71. Yarmolyuk V.V., Kozlovsky A.M., Sal’nikova E.B., Kozakov I.K., Kotov A.B., Lebedev V.I., Eenjin G., 2013. Age of the Khangai batholith and challenge of polychronic batholith formation in Central Asia. Doklady Earth Sciences 452 (2), 1001–1007. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X13100176.

72. Zonenshain L.L., Kuz’min M.I., Moralev V.M., 1976. Global Tectonics, Magmatism and Metallogeny. Nedra, Moscow, 232 p. (in Russian).

73. Zonenshayn L.P., Kuz’min M.I., Natapov L.M., 1990. Tectonics of the Lithospheric Plates of the USSR Territory. Nedra, Moscow, Vol. 2, 327 p. (in Russian).

74. Zorin Y.A., Belichenko V.G., Rutshtein I.G., Zorina L.D., Spiridonov A.M., 1998. Geodynamics of the western part of the Mongolo-Okhotsk fold belt and tectonic position of gold manifestations in ores in Transbaikalia. Geologiya i Geofizika (Russian Geology and Geophysics) 39 (11), 1578–1586.

75. Zorin Y.A., Belichenko V.G., Turutanov E.Kh., Mazukabzov A.M., Sklyarov E.V., Mordvinova V.V., 1997. The structure of the Earth's crust and geodynamics of the Baikal folded region. Otechestvennaya Geologiya (Russian Geology) (10), 37–44 (in Russian).

76. Zorin Y.A., Sklyarov E.V., Belichenko V.G., Mazukabzov A.M., 2009. Island arc–back-arc basin evolution: implications for Late Riphean – Early Paleozoic geodynamic history of the Sayan–Baikal folded area. Russian Geology and Geophysics 50 (3), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.022.