ГЛУБИННОЕ СТРОЕНИЕ И МОДЕЛЬ НЕОАРХЕЙСКОЙ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ СЕВЕРО‐АМЕРИКАНСКОГО КРАТОНА

Cтроение архейской коры Северной Америки представлено на базе синтеза геолого‐геофизической информации (сейсмопрофили программы LITHOPROBE, карты аномальных магнитного и гравитационного полей, данные сейсмотомографических исследований литосферы). В своей работе авторы опирались на опыт, полученный при изучении Восточно‐Европейского кратона в рамках российской программы глубинных геолого‐геофизических исследований. Ювенильная неоархейская кора, содержащая фрагменты переработанной мезопалеоархейской коры, заключена в асимметричной округло‐овальной области, где распределение геофизических, структурно‐тектонических и метаморфических характеристик подчинено концентрической зональности. Центральная зона охватывает впадину Гудзонова залива. В строении Внутренней зоны (северо‐восточная и северная часть провинции Сьюпириор) преобладают плутонические, вулканогенные и осадочные породы, сформированные и/или метаморфизованные в условиях гранулитовой фации. Внешняя зона охватывает южную часть провинции Сьюпириор и провинции Херн и Рэй. В статье представлена трехмерная модель глубинного строения южной части провинции Сьюпириор. Формирование коры в южной части провинции Сьюпириор стало результатом рифтинга и частичного разрыва континентальной коры, кратковременного раскрытия линейных океанов, последовательной субдукции в северном направлении и аккреции древних континентальных фрагментов и неоархейских океанических и островодужных террейнов между ~2.78 и ~2.70 млрд лет. Последующие события в эпиконтинентальной обстановке, в том числе формирование метаосадочных поясов, метаморфизм гранулитовой фации и интенсивное рудообразование, заключены в интервале от ~2.71 до ~2.63 млрд лет. Литосферу Северной Америки в границах архейского континента можно представить в виде уплощенного перевернутого конуса, вершина которого (литосферный киль) расположена на глубине ~350 км. Впадина Гудзонова залива располагается непосредственно над литосферным килем. Ряд главных особенностей строения и эволюции архейской коры Северо‐Американского кратона, прежде всего овально‐концентрическая зональность, важная роль высокотемпературных магматических и метаморфических процессов, преимущественно внутриконтинентальные обстановки магматизма и осадконакопления, указывает на ведущую роль процессов мантийно‐плюмового типа. Модель неоархейской эволюции Северо‐Американского кратона демонстрирует ведущую роль процессов мантийно‐плюмового типа, относящихся к классу суперплюмов. Неоархейский кратон Северной Америки является одним из наиболее ярких в ряду близких по содержанию объектов, зафиксированных практически на всех континентах ~2.75 млрд лет назад. К числу их важнейших особенностей относятся: 1) синхронность формирования в интервале между 2.79 и 2.58 млрд лет; 2) преимущественно внутриконтинентальное развитие; 3) преобладание овальных в плане синформных тектонических структур различного ранга с той или иной формой концентрической зональности; 4) высокотемпературный магматизм (как правило, с участием эндербит‐чарнокитов и габброанортозитов) и метаморфизм гранулитовой фации; 5) часто повторяющееся сочетание ассоциаций горных пород высокого уровня метаморфизма (гранулитовой и высокотемпературной амфиболитовой фации) и низкого – умеренного метаморфизма, зеленосланцевой и эпидот‐амфиболитовой фации; 6) наличие нижнекорового гранулит‐базитового слоя, сформированного и деформированного на заключительной стадии эндогенной активности; 7) мощная литосфера, максимальная глубина которой в области литосферного киля достигает 250–350 км.

Северо‐Американский кратон, провинция Сьюпириор, LITHOPROBE, сейсмопрофилирование отраженных волн, объемные модели коры, неоархей, мантийно‐плюмовая модель

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