МЕЗОНЕОПРОТЕРОЗОЙСКИЙ ГРЕНВИЛЛ-СВЕКОНОРВЕЖСКИЙ ВНУТРИКОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ ОРОГЕН: ИСТОРИЯ, ТЕКТОНИКА, ГЕОДИНАМИКА

Цель статьи – представить главные особенности Гренвилл-Свеконорвежского орогена (ГСНО) и предложить модель тектонической и геодинамической эволюции этого орогена, опираясь на результаты исследований докембрийских тектонических структур аналогичного типа в пределах Восточно-Европейского кратона. Исследование условий и обстановок возникновения и эволюции ГСНО представляет специальный интерес в связи с тем, что он территориально и в определенном смысле «идейно» размещен в центре Родинии – предполагаемого неопротерозойского суперконтинента. ГСНО был сформирован в мезонеопротерозое во внутренней области континента Лавроскандия. В настоящее время синформная тектоническая структура ГСНО разделена на два сектора: Гренвиллский вдоль юго-восточной окраины Канадского щита и Свеконорвежский на юго-западе Скандинавии. Единство Лавроскандии в мезонеопротерозое дважды нарушалось в результате формирования океанических структур, подобных Атлантическому океану. Целостность континента через некоторое время восстанавливалась при участии процессов субдукции океанической литосферы, аккреции и обдукции островодужных и океанических террейнов. В истории формирования ГСНО выделяются два периода: первый («подготовительный») в интервале от ~1.90 до ~1.16 млрд лет и второй (собственно формирование ГСНО) – в интервале от ~1.19 до ~0.90 млрд лет. Проявления гранулитового метаморфизма неоднократно зафиксированы до Гренвиллского орогенеза: 1.67–1.66, 1.47–1.45, 1.37–1.35 и 1.20–1.18 млрд лет назад. Оттавский этап собственно Гренвиллского метаморфизма датирован 1.16 и 1.05–1.03 млрд лет. Метаморфизм в основании Аллохтонного пояса соответствует гранулитовой фации повышенных давлений и в ряде мест – высокотемпературной эклогитовой фации (800–900 °С при давлении в интервале между 14 и 20 кбар). Возраст метаморфизма в породах Параавтохтонного пояса равен 1.05–0.95 млрд лет, уровень метаморфизма возрастает от зеленосланцевой фации близ Гренвиллского фронта до амфиболитовой фации повышенных давлений близ Пограничного надвига аллохтона, демонстрируя инвертированную метаморфическую зональность. Для Свеконорвежского сектора характерен гранулитовый метаморфизм повышенных дав- лений и локально, в основании аллохтонных и в пределах параавтохтонного комплексов, отмечены высокотемпературные эклогиты. Отличительной особенностью ГСНО является широкое проявление специфического интрузивного магматизма. Массивы анортозит-мангерит-чарнокит-гранитоидного (АМЧГ) и анортозит-рапакиви-гранитного (АРГ) комплексов, сформированные 1.8–1.5 млрд лет назад, широкой дугой обрамляют ороген. Во внутренней области ГСНО массивы этих комплексов были последовательно сформированы 1.16– 1.13 и 1.09–1.05, 0.99–0.96 и 0.93–0.92 млрд лет назад; вслед за внедрением массивы неравномерно подверглись гранулитовому метаморфизму. Высокотемпературный характер магматизма и метаморфизма, многократное повторение термальных импульсов и грандиозный объем коры, подвергшейся высокотемпературным преобразованиям, указывают на мантийный плюм в качестве наиболее адекватного источника тепловой энергии. Модель внутриконтинентального развития ГСНО противоречит популярным представлениям о возникновении этого орогена в результате столкновения и объединения ранее удаленных континентов (Лаврентии, Балтики и Амазонии), которые, как предполагается, завершили сборку суперконтинента Родиния. Сделан вывод о необходимости пересмотра представлений о тектонической позиции и геодинамической эволюции ГСНО, который не является аналогом Тибет-Гималайского орогена.

ороген Гренвилл, Свеконорвежский ороген, Лавроскандия, гранулит, эклогит, анортозит

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