DEFORMATION CHANGES IN THE FAMENNIAN-TOURNAISSIAN CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE NORTHWESTERN MARGINAL FAULT ZONE OF THE CASPIAN BASIN

The Northwestern marginal fault zone is a part of the Caspian Basin and a boundary transition structure separating the basin from the Volga-Ural region. It has been found that this fault zone is characterized by a complex kinematic development leading to the formation of a linear salt-dome structure. Research has been carried out on deformation changes in the Famennian-Tournaisian carbonate rocks in the Northwestern marginal fault zone. A set of macro- and microscopic studies made it possible to assess the nature of deformation changes, the state of structural and textural maturity, the composition of the original rocks, as well as to identify the composition of secondary minerals and void space and determine the kinematic types of tectonic fractures formed therein. The recognition of carbonate mineralogical varieties has been performed by the method of thin section staining with alizarin red, which made it possible to distinguish between calcite and dolomite and to determine their quantitative ratio in thin sections. The carbonate samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, and thermal and probe methods, which revealed the features of the crystalline phase and accessory impurities and provided a characterization of the crystalline structure of minerals. Analytical studies made it possible to identify thermally inert formations of calcium, magnesium, silicon and iron oxides and other compounds in carbonates and to determine the nature of deformation changes in the Famennian-Tournaisian carbonate reservoir rocks.

1. Abilkhasimov Kh.B., 2021. Typification of Sections of the Paleozoic Complex of the Eastern Side of the Caspian Depression. Oil and Gas 1 (121), 6–24 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2021-1.01.

2. Akchulakov U.A., Zholtayev G.Zh., Iskaziyev K.O., Kovrizhnyh P.N., Kuandykov B.M., Ogay Y.K., 2014. Atlas of Oil and Gas Bearing and Prospective Sedimentary Basins of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 97 p. (in Russian)

3. Bagrintseva K.I., Dmitrievsky A.N., Bochko R.A., 2003. Atlas of Carbonate Reservoirs of Oil and Gas Fields of the East European and Siberian Platforms. Moscow, 264 p. (in Russian)

4. Cloos H., 1935. Mapping the Basement in SW Africa. Geologische Rundschau 26, 241.

5. Coats A.W., Redfern J.P., 1964. Kinetic Parameters of Thermogravimetric Data. Nature 201, 68–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/201068a0.

6. Cohen K.M., Finney S.C., Gibbard P.L., Fan J.X., 2024. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Available from: https://stratigraphy.org/chart (Last Accessed January 15, 2025).

7. Daukeev S.Zh., Uzhkenov B.S., Abdulin A.A., Bespaev H.A., Votsalevskiy E.S., Ljubetsky V.N., Mazurov A.K., Miroshnichenko L.A., 2002. Deep Structure and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan. Vol. 3: Oil and Gas. Almaty, 248 p. (in Russian)

8. Demeeva M.S., 2020. Features of the Formation of Carbonate Reservoirs at the Chinarevskoye Field. In: Engineering Solutions in the Oil and Gas Industry of Kazakhstan. Collection of Works of JSC NIPIneftegaz. Iss. 6. Aktau, p. 130–135 (in Russian)

9. Filippov Yu.F., Lapkovskii V.V., Lunev B.V., 2009. Numerical Modeling of Salt Tectogenesis in the Cambrian Deposits of the Cis-Yenisei Sedimentary Basin (PR3–Pz) (West Siberia). Russian Geology and Geophysics 50 (2), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2008.08.001.

10. Fortunatova N.K., Varlamov A.I., Kanev A.S., Poroskun V.I., Baranova A.V., Bushueva M.A., 2021. Structure and Assessment of the Oil Potential of Carbonaceous Carbonate-Siliceous Domanik Deposits in the Volga-Ural Oil and Gas Province. Russian Geology and Geophysics 62 (8), 929–946. https://doi.org/10.2113/RGG20214351.

11. Iskaziev K.O., 2019. Conceptual Sedimentological Model of Clastic-Carbonate Frasnian Section on Chinarevskoye Field (Kazakhstan). Oil Industry 10, 14–18 (in Russian)https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2019-10-14-18.

12. Iskaziev K.O., Khafizov S.F., Lyapunov Yu.V., Almazov D.O., Savinova L.A., Antipov M.P., 2019. Late Paleozoic Organogenic Structures of the Kazakhstan Segment of the Caspian Basin. Lenand, Moscow, 250 p. (in Russian)

13. Iskaziev K.O., Matloshinskiy N.G., Khafizov S.F., 2020. Caspian Depression: New Prospects North Board Area. Oil and Gas 1 (115), 6–16 (in Russian)

14. Ivanova V.P., Kasatov B.K., Krasavina T.N., Rozinov E.L., 1974. Thermal Analysis of Minerals and Rocks. Nedra, Leningrad, 399 p. (in Russian)

15. Jiu B., Huang W., Mu N., Hao R., 2022. Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ordovician Rocks in the Southwest of Tarim Basin, Implications for Genetic Mechanism and Evolution Model of the Hydrothermal Reformed-Paleokarst Carbonate Reservoir. Marine and Petroleum Geology 140, 105687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105687.

16. Kontorovich V.A., Lunev B.V., Lapkovsky V.V., Filippov Yu.F., 2014. Numerical Models of the Formation of Salt Tectonics Structures Identified by Seismic Exploration in the Cambrian Deposits of the Cis-Yenisei Sedimentary Basin (Southeast of Western Siberia). Geology and Mineral Resources of Siberia 2, 105–115 (in Russian) [

17. Korobkin V.V., Samatov I.B., Tulemissova Zh.S., Chaklikov A.E., Abdirakhmanov A., 2023. Method for Quantitative Determination of Secondary Calcite. Utility Model Patent No. 8623. Republic of Kazakhstan (in Russian)

18. Kuandykov B.M., Matloshinsky N.G., Sentgiorgi K., Kovach A., Trokhimenko M.S., Eskozha B., Milota K., Fogarashi A. et al., 2011. Oil and Gas Content of the Paleozoic Shelf Margin of the North of the Precaspian Depression. Gylym, Almaty, 280 p. (in Russian)

19. Lapkovsky V.V., Lunev B.V., Antipov M.P., Volozh Yu.A., Pisarenko Yu.A., 2021. Structure of Subsalt Layers According to Detailed Drilling Data in the Northern Caspian. In: New Challenges of Fundamental and Applied Geology of Oil and Gas – XXI Century. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference with the Participation of Foreign Scientists, Dedicated to the 150th Anniversary of the Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.M. Gubkin and the 110th Anniversary of the Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences A.A. Trofimuk (September 14–15, 2021). Novosibirsk State University Publishing House, Novosibirsk, p. 33–35 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1248-2-33-35.

20. Lapkovsky V.V., Lunev B.V., Antipov M.P., Volozh Yu.A., Pisarenko Yu.A., Fomina V.V., 2023. 3D Modeling of Salt Domes According to Detailed Drilling Data in the Precaspian Region. Georesources 25 (4), 192–202 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2023.4.18.

21. Lunev B.V., Abramov T.V., 2014. Modeling of Salt Diapirism by Calculation of 3D Creeping Flow with Parallel Computing on GPU with CUDA. Interexpo Geo-Siberia-2014. Proceedings of the X International Congress and Exhibition (April 8–18, 2014). Vol. 4. Iss. 2. P. 148–152 (in Russian)

22. Lunev B.V., Lapkovsky V.V., Abramov T.V., 2014. Numerical Modeling of Inversion Folding in Subsalt Layers. Interexpo Geo-Siberia-2014. Proceedings of the X International Congress and Exhibition (April 8–18, 2014). Vol. 4. Iss. 2. P. 153–157 (in Russian)

23. Lunev B.V., Lapkovsky V.V., Antipov M.P., Volozh Y.A., Postnikova L.S., 2023. Influence of the Evaporite Formation Structure on Salt Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Traps (By the Results of Numerical Simulation of Halokinesis in the Pre-Caspian). Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 14 (2), 0690 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2023-14-2-0690.

24. Matloshinsky N.G., 2017. Additional Prospects of Oiland-Gas Potential of North Peri-Caspian Depression. Oil and Gas 4 (100), 36–45 (in Russian)

25. Mitchell J., 1956. A Note on a Method of Staining to Distinguish Between Calcite and Dolomite. In: E.H. Beard (Ed.), Colonial Geological and Mineral Resources: The Quarterly Bulletin of the Colonial Geological Surveys. Vol. 6. No. 2. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, p. 182–183.

26. Putnis A., McConnell J.D.C., 1980. Principles of Mineral Behaviour. Blackwell, Oxford, 270 p.

27. Ramberg H., 1985. Gravity and Deformation in the Earth’s Crust. Nedra, Moscow, 399 p. (in Russian)

28. Ronchi P., Ortenzi A., Borromeo O., Claps M., Zempolich W.G., 2010. Depositional Setting and Diagenetic Processes and Their Impact on the Reservoir Quality in the Late Visean-Bashkirian Kashagan Carbonate Platform (Pre-Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan). AAPG Bulletin 94 (9), 1313–1348. https://doi.org/10.1306/01051009130.

29. Samatov I.B., Urumbaev B.U., 1997. Thermochemical Features of Calcite-Dolomite Formations (On the Example of Central Kazakhstan). In: Geology of Kazakhstan. Iss. 2. Gylym, Alma-Ata, p. 49–56 (in Russian)

30. Shi J., Zhao X., Pan R., Zeng L., Luo W., 2022. Natural Fractures in the Deep Sinian Carbonates of the Central Sichuan Basin, China: Implications for Reservoir Quality. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 216, 110829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110829.

31. Tsvetkov A.I., Valyashikhina E.P., Piloyan G.O., 1964. Differential Thermal Analysis of Carbonate Minerals. Nauka, Moscow, 167 p. (in Russian)

32. Votsalevskiy E.S., Bulekbaev Z.E., Iskuzhiev B.A., Kamalov S.M., Korstyshevsky M.N., Kuandykov B.M., Kuantaev N.E., Marchenko O.N. et al., 2016. Oil & Gas Fields of Kazakhstan. Reference Book. 3rd Ed. Almaty, 409 p. (in Russian)

33. Yang L., Yu L., Chen D., Liu K., Yang P., Li X., 2020. Effects of Dolomitization on Porosity During Various Sedimentation-Diagenesis Processes in Carbonate Reservoirs. Minerals 10 (6), 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060574.

34. Zholtaev G.Zh., Nikitina O.I., Zhaimina V.Ya., Seitmuratova E.Yu., Pirogov T.E., Ivanova N.I., Fazylov E.M., Musina E.S., Nigmatova S.A., Baishashov B.U., 2021. Modernization of the Phanerozoic Stratigraphic Schemes of Kazakhstan Based on the International Chronostratigraphic Scale – 2016–2021. LPP "378", Almaty, 139 p. (in Russian)