gtcrustГеодинамика и тектонофизикаGeodynamics & Tectonophysics2078-502XInstitute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch10.5800/GT-2019-10-2-0423gtcrust-850Research ArticleТЕКТОНОФИЗИКАTECTONOPHYSICSКЛАСТИЧЕСКИЕ ДАЙКИ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙAN OVERVIEW OF CLASTIC DIKES: SIGNIFICANCE FOR EARTHQUAKE STUDYhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-8877ЛунинаО. В.LuninaО. V.

Оксана Викторовна Лунина - доктор геолого-минералогических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

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lounina@crust.irk.ruИнститут земной коры СО РАНРоссияInstitute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of RASRussian Federation201924062019102483506Copyright © Лунина О.В., 20192019Лунина О.В.Lunina О.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/850

Кластические дайки часто являются единственным свидетельством прошлых стихийных бедствий на слабообнаженных территориях, поэтому их находки исключительно важны, в том числе и для изучения землетрясений. Однако процессы, которые приводят к их формированию, многообразны, что сильно осложняет использование кластических даек для оценки сейсмической опасности в разных окружающих обстановках. Настоящая статья систематизирует главные триггеры, механизмы формирования и некоторые характерные для них признаки пластинообразных и цилиндрических геологических тел с особым акцентом на важность выявления инъекционных даек, образование которых происходит в результате внедрения разжиженного материала снизу вверх в осадочные слои вследствие действия аномально высокого порового дав‐ ления и разрывообразования. На основе ревизии известных признаков сейсмического разжижения и конкретных описаний инъекционных даек сформулировано 12 общих и 12 индивидуальных геолого‐ структурных критериев, применение которых непосредственно на обнажении позволяет достаточно точно установить их происхождение, связанное с землетрясениями, и исключить несейсмогенные триггеры. В дополнение по георадиолокационным данным, заверенным прямыми наблюдениями в канавах, выделено четыре поисковых признака, которые позволяют предварительно идентифицировать инъекционные дайки на радарограммах: трубообразная форма аномалии или сочетание трубообразной формы в нижней части с изо‐ метричной – в верхней [i]; относительно высокие значения однополярных положительных амплитуд сигналов [ii]; наличие одной и той же аномалии на соседних параллельных профилях, расположенных в пределах первых десятков метров друг от друга [iii]; стратиграфические разрывы осей синфазности на фоне их непре‐ рывного субгоризонтального положения (iv). Статья иллюстрирует возможности использования кластических даек для палеосейсмогеологических реконструкций, а именно для определения возраста и интервала повторяемости землетрясений, местоположения эпицентра, минимально возможной магнитуды и макросей‐ смической интенсивности по шкале MSK‐64. Таким образом, кластические дайки могут обеспечивать базовые геологические данные для оценки сейсмической опасности регионов, в которых рыхлые отложения, способные к разжижению, широко распространены.

Clastic dikes are often the only evidence of past disasters in poorly exposed areas and therefore their findings are extremely important for earthquake study. However, the variety of their origins greatly complicates the use of clastic dikes to assess the seismic hazards within the manifold environments. This paper systematizes main triggers, formation mechanisms and some matching indicative features of tabular and cylindrical bodies with an emphasis on the importance of revealing the injection dikes formed by fluidized injection of clastic material into the host sedimentary layers (from the bottom upwards) and associated with overpressure buildup and hydraulic fracturing. Based on the revision of known seismic liquefaction features and specific descriptions of the injection dikes, this overview defines 12 general and 12 individual geological and structural criteria (for study in sectional view), which make it possible to establish confidently the earthquake origin of the dikes caused by fluidization from seismic liquefaction. In addition, ground penetrating radar data correlating with trenching suggest indicative searching criteria of the injection dikes on radargrams, namely: a pipe‐shaped anomaly or a composite anomaly combining a tubular form in the lower part with an isometric – in the upper [i]; relatively high values of unipolar positive echoes on the trace of GPR signal [ii]; an occurrence of the same anomaly on adjacent parallel profiles located the first tens of meters apart [iii]; and stratigraphic disruptions of the radar events on the background of their continuous horizontal position [iv]. Finally, the paper illustrates that the clastic dikes can be successfully applied to determine the age and the recurrence interval, the epicenter location and a lower‐bound magnitude/intensity of paleoearthquakes, thus providing geological data for seismic hazard assessments in the regions, in which unconsolidated deposits capable to liquefaction are common.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.