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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gtcrust</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геодинамика и тектонофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geodynamics &amp; Tectonophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2078-502X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5800/GT-2016-7-4-0223</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gtcrust-310</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ГЕОДИНАМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RECENT GEODYNAMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИСТОЧНИКИ ЧЕТВЕРТИЧНЫХ КАЛИЕВЫХ ВУЛКАНИЧЕСКИХ ПОРОД УДАЛЯНЬЧИ, КИТАЙ: КОНТРОЛЬ ТРАНСТЕНСИЕЙ В ПОГРАНИЧНОМ СЛОЕ ЛИТОСФЕРЫ–АСТЕНОСФЕРЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>SOURCES OF QUATERNARY POTASSIC VOLCANIC ROCKS FROM WUDALIANCHI, CHINA: CONTROL BY TRANSTENSION AT THE LITHOSPHERE–ASTHENOSPHERE BOUNDARY LAYER</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рассказов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rasskazov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассказов Сергей Васильевич, доктор геолого-минералогических наук, профессор, зав. лабораторией 664033, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 128</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rasskazov, Sergei V., Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy, Professor, Head of Laboratory</p><p>128 Lermontov street, Irkutsk 664033</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rassk@crust.irk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чувашова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuvashova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чувашова Ирина Сергеевна, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>664033, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 128,</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chuvashova, Irina S., Candidate of Geology and Mineralogy, Senior Researcher</p><p>128 Lermontov street, Irkutsk 664033</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chuvashova@crust.irk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сунь</surname><given-names>Йи-минь</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Yi-min</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Йи-минь Сунь, научный сотрудник</p><p>164155, Удаляньчи, Хэйлунцзян</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yi-min Sun, Research assistant</p><p>164155, Heilongjiang</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">894817259@qq.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янг</surname><given-names>Чэнь</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Chen</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чэнь Янг, заместитель директора</p><p>164155, Удаляньчи, Хэйлунцзян</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chen Yang, Deputy director </p><p>164155, Heilongjiang</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сие</surname><given-names>Чжэньхуа</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Zhenhua</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чжэньхуа Сие, директор</p><p>164155, Удаляньчи, Хэйлунцзян</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhenhua Xie, Director </p><p>164155, Heilongjiang</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ясныгина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yasnygina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ясныгина Татьяна Александровна, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>664033, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 128</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yasnygina, Tatiana A., Candidate of Geology and Mineralogy, Senior Researcher</p><p>128 Lermontov street, Irkutsk 664033</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ty@crust.irk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саранина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saranina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саранина Елена Владимировна, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, старший научный сотрудник..</p><p>664033, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 128</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saranina, Elena V., Candidate of Geology and Mineralogy, Senior Researcher</p><p>128 Lermontov street, Irkutsk 664033</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">saranina@crust.irk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фан</surname><given-names>Чжэньсин</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fang</surname><given-names>Zhenxing</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чжэньсин Фан, заместитель директора</p><p>164155, Удаляньчи, Хэйлунцзян</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhenxing Fang, Deputy director </p><p>164155, Heilongjiang</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт земной коры СО РАН; &#13;
Иркутский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of RAS; &#13;
Irkutsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт вулканов и минеральных источников Хэйлунцзянской академии наук</institution><country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Volcano and Mineral Spring, Heilongjiang Academy of Science</institution><country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт земной коры СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>555</fpage><lpage>592</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рассказов С.В., Чувашова И.С., Сунь Й., Янг Ч., Сие Ч., Ясныгина Т.А., Саранина Е.В., Фан Ч., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рассказов С.В., Чувашова И.С., Сунь Й., Янг Ч., Сие Ч., Ясныгина Т.А., Саранина Е.В., Фан Ч.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rasskazov S.V., Chuvashova I.S., Sun Y., Yang C., Xie Z., Yasnygina T.A., Saranina E.V., Fang Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/310">https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/310</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Транстенсия представляет собой систему напряжений, вызывающую косое растяжение литосферы – сочетание ее растяжения и сдвига. Синвулканические транстенсионные деформации литосферы могут обеспечить два возможных сценария контроля магматических процессов. Один из них предполагает восходящие подлитосферные расплавы, обозначающие проницаемые участки литосферы в области транстенсии без плавления литосферного материала. Продукты вулканических извержений в такой зоне представлены только подлитосферным мантийным материалом. Компоненты магматических расплавов не обнаруживают никакой связи с транстенсионной структурой литосферы. Другой сценарий выражается в непосредственном контроле плавления литосферных источников в эволюционирующей транстенсионной структуре. В этом случае пространственно-временная смена литосферных и подлитосферных компонентов служит прямым признаком эволюционирующей транстенсионной зоны. В настоящей статье мы приводим аргументы в пользу транстенсионной природы литосферной расплавной аномалии вулканической зоны Удаляньчи на основе исследований компонентов вулканических пород одноименного поля.</p></sec><sec><title>Аналитические методы</title><p>Аналитические методы. Содержания микроэлементов определены методом ICP–MS на масс-спектрометре Agilent 7500се, а отношения изотопов – на масс-спектрометре Finnigan MAT 262. Использованные методики охарактеризованы в предшествующих работах [Rasskazov et al., 2011; Yasnygina et al., 2015]. Петрогенные оксиды определены методом «мокрой химии».</p><p>Структурное положение зоны Удаляньчи. Зона простирается субмеридионально более чем на 230 км на северном замыкании бассейна Сунляо, образовавшегося в позднем мезозое – раннем кайнозое (рис. 1).</p><p>Возраст и содержания K2O в породах зоны Удаляньчи. Породы зоны Удаляньчи, датированные плиоценом и квартером, характеризуются последовательным увеличением интервала содержаний K2O от наиболее южного поля Еркешан (5.6–5.8 мас. %) к наиболее северному полю Сяогулихе (2.0–9.5 мас. %) (рис. 2).</p><p>Пространственно-временное группирование вулканов поля Удаляньчи. По пространственно-временному распределению и составу продуктов извержений мы различаем вулканические интервалы 2.5–2.0 млн лет назад, 1.3–0.8 млн лет назад и последние 0.6 млн лет. В линии четырех вулканов Центральной группы имела место единая возрастная последовательность извержений: Уохушан (1.33–0.42 млн лет назад), Бидзиашан (0.45–0.28 млн лет назад), Лаохейшан (1720–1721 гг., возможно, более ранние извержения) и Хуошаошан (1721 г.) (рис. 3–5). Отсутствие пространственно-временной регулярности извержений вулканов на поле Еркешан и в Западной и Восточной группах вулканов поля Удаляньчи отражало фоновую активность. В фоновых породах определен диапазон концентраций K2O 4.8–6.0 мас. % с относительным снижением содержаний этого оксида в породах начала и конца вулканической эволюции. В начальных лавовых потоках, излившихся в субмеридиональной полосе Лаошантоу – Древний Гелацюшан в интервале 2.5–2.0 млн лет назад, содержания K2O составляли 3.9–5.2 мас. %, на финальном конусе вулкана Хуошаошан, образовавшемся в 1721 г., – снижались до 3.2 мас. %. Фоновая активность проявилась на вулкане Южный Гелацюшан и вулканах субширотной полосы Лианхуашан, Йаоцюаншан, Западный Дзяодебушан, Западный Лонгменшан во временном интервале 1.3–0.8 млн лет назад. В последние 0.6 млн лет извергались вулканы трех групп: Западной (Северный Гелацюшан, Лианхуашан, Дзианшан-Дзиамшанзи), Центральной (Уохушан, Бидзиашан, Лаохейшан, Хуошаошан) и Восточной (Уэйшан, Восточный Дзяодебушан, Сяогошан, Западный и Восточный Лонгменшан, Молабушан). В Западной и Восточной группах фоновая активность продолжалась, в то время как в Центральной группе активность вулканов последовательно смещалась с юго-запада на северо-восток. Такая упорядоченная вулканическая эволюция сопровождалась относительным снижением содержаний K2O в продуктах финальных извержений вулкана Хуошаошан. </p></sec><sec><title>Опробование</title><p>Опробование. Представительное опробование пород вулканов в линии Уохушан–Хуошаошан проводилось c целью выявления меняющихся геохимических характеристик в ходе извержений на каждом вулкане и от вулкана к вулкану (рис. 3, 6, 7). Для сопоставлений использованы данные по составу пород вулканов фоновых извержений.</p><p>Оксиды кремнезема и щелочей. На классификационной диаграмме щелочи – кремнезем (рис. 8) фигуративные точки пород фоновых извержений сконцентрированы вдоль разделительной линии серий высокой и умеренной щелочности преимущественно в полях тефрифонолитов и трахиандезитов, в меньшей степени – в поле фонотефрита. Фоновые породы одних вулканов (например, Йаоцюаншан и Уэйшан) имеют высокощелочной (фонотефритовый и тефрифонолитовый) состав, фоновые породы других вулканов (Лонгменшан, Дзяодебушан и др.) – умеренно щелочной (трахиандезитовый). Сумма щелочей Na2O+K2O в фоновых породах находится в интервале 8.6–9.7 мас. %, SiO2 – в интервале 51.6–55.0 мас. %. Фонотефриты поля Еркешан сопоставимы с фоновыми породами поля Удаляньчи.</p><p>Фигуративные точки пород Центральной группы вулканов также распределяются вдоль разделительной линии серий высокой и умеренной щелочности диаграммы щелочи – кремнезем, преимущественно в полях фонотефритов и трахиандезибазальтов. Почти все образцы первого вулкана (Уохушан) находятся в фигуративном поле фоновых пород. Составы пород второго и третьего вулканов (Бидзиашан и Лаохейшан) менялись в ходе извержений каждого из них от близких к фоновым до отличавшихся от фоновых. На вулкане Бидзиашан продукты вулканических извержений были представлены трахиандезитами периферии щитовой постройки и трахиандезибазальтами–фонотефритами вулканического конуса. Трахиандезиты были сопоставимы с фоновыми породами, трахиандезибазальты–фонотефриты заметно отличались от них. На вулкане Лаохейшан выделилось три группы пород: 1) трахиандезибазальты–фонотефриты, 2) трахиандезиты и 3) фонотефриты. Породы первой группы представлены в пирокластическом материале позднего вулканического конуса и в лавовых потоках северной бокки, породы второй группы – в пирокластическом материале западной кромки позднего кратера, породы третьей группы – в бомбах его юго-западной кромки. По соотношениям Na2O, K2O и SiO2 породы периферических лавовых шлейфов вулканов Бидзиашан, Лаохейшан и Хуошаошан сопоставимы с продуктами фоновых извержений. Содержания этих оксидов, отличающиеся от фоновых, свойственны породам линии вулканических конусов, в которых проявился переход от составов пород вулкана Уохушан, близких к фоновым, через промежуточные составы пород вулканов Бидзиашан и Лаохейшан к финальным составам пород вулканического конуса Хуошаошан (рис. 9).</p><p>Другие петрогенные оксиды. Смена составов пород вдоль линии Центральной группы вулканов от близких к фоновым в первой постройке (Уохушан) через контрастные в постройках Бидзиашан и Лаохейшан к заметно отличающимся от фоновых на конусе вулкана Хуошаошан дополнительно иллюстрируется диаграммами SiO2–MgO, Al2O3–MgO, CaO–MgO и P2O5–MgO (рис. 10, 11).</p></sec><sec><title>Микроэлементы</title><p>Микроэлементы. Для пород разных вулканов не отмечено заметных различий в элементных спектрах, нормированных к примитивной мантии (рис. 13). Особые вариации пород вулканов Центральной группы, близких к фоновым и отличающихся от них, подчеркнуты, тем не менее, на диаграммах Rb–MgO, Zr–MgO, Ba–MgO, Th–MgO, Sr–MgO и La/Yb–MgO (рис. 12, 14–15). Сходное поведение обнаружено, с одной стороны, для Rb и Zr, с другой стороны – для Ba, Th, Sr и La/Yb. В составах пород вулканов Центральной группы, близких к фоновым, наблюдалось последовательное повышение концентраций Rb от первого вулкана линии (Уохушан) через второй вулкан (Бидзиашан) к третьему вулкану (Лаохейшан). В породах, отличающихся от фоновых, выявлены общие повышенные концентрации Rb от второго до четвертого вулкана линии и относительное снижение концентраций этого элемента в финальной постройке четвертого вулкана. В породах, близких к фоновым, концентрации Zr снижаются от первого вулкана ко второму, а к третьему – возрастают. В породах, отличающихся от фоновых, сравнительно низкие концентрации Zr первого вулкана сменяются повышенными концентрациями третьего и четвертого вулканов с дальнейшим относительным снижением концентраций этого элемента в финальной постройке четвертого вулкана.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Подлитосферный компонентный континуум в Восточной Азии содержит материал из домена конвектирующей области мантии с субдуцированными слэбовыми (палеослэбовыми) фрагментами океанической (палеоокеанической) коры, а также деламинированных литосферных блоков орогенов. Вулканические породы поля Удаляньчи содержат подлитосферный конечный компонент, который принадлежит к этому континууму. Литосферные компоненты этих пород, однако, не имеют никакого отношения к другим подлитосферным компонентам. Породы Удаляньчи относятся к подлитосферно-литосферному компонентному кластеру, характеризующему границу между литосферой и подлитосферной конвектирующей мантией (рис. 17). Из анализа содержаний K2O, других петрогенных оксидов и микроэлементов в породах ранних и поздних фаз извержений Центральной группы вулканов следует, что составы построек первого вулкана (Уохушан) почти не отличались от фоновых, второго и третьего вулканов (Бидзиашан и Лаохейшан) были частично близки к фоновым и частично отличались от них, а четвертого (Хуошаошан) существенно отличались от фоновых (рис. 18, 19). Предполагается, что генерация магм под вулканическим полем Удаляньчи контролировалась развитием транстенсии в граничном слое основания литосферы, разделявшем и экранировавшем источники подстилающей гомогенной подлитосферной конвектирующей мантии и перекрывающей гетерогенной обогащенной литосферы. Подлитосферный источник магм обладал отношением 87Sr/86Sr=0.7052, источники экранирующего слоя – таким же и более низкими отношениями, источники вышележащей литосферы – такими же и более высокими отношениями (рис. 20). По предельно низкому ряду фигуративных точек пород вулканического конуса Хуошаошан на диаграмме 87Sr/86Sr–87Rb/86Sr получена оценка закрытия изотопной системы в подошве литосферы около 98 млн лет с начальным 87Sr/86Sr значением 0.70485 в апатит-содержащем источнике и подстилающем домене конвектирующей мантии с Rb/Sr=0.092 (рис. 21). Развитие транстенсии определяло время и место локального поступления компонента конвектирующей мантии из-под граничного экранирующего слоя на фоне плавления обогащенного материала над ним (рис. 22). Локальные извержения подлитосферных выплавок из осевой части субмеридиональной магистральной зоны транстенсии интервала 2.5–2.0 млн лет назад сменились в интервале 1.3–0.8 млн лет назад  извержениями фоновых выплавок из более широкого транстенсионного сегмента обогащенной области литосферы. В последние 0.6 млн лет фоновые выплавки из обогащенной литосферы резче обозначили краевые части транстенсионного сегмента, а локальные подлитосферные выплавки распространились вдоль разрыва, образовавшегося в граничном экранирующем слое при концентрации тектонических усилий в центральной части транстенсионного сегмента.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Transtension is a system of stresses that tends to cause oblique extension, i.e. combined extension and strike slip. Syn-volcanic transtensional deformations of the lithosphere may provide two possible scenarios for control of magmatic processes. One scenario assumes ascending sub-lithospheric melts that mark the permeable lithosphere in a transtension area without melting of the lithospheric material; products of volcanic eruptions in such a zone show only the sub-lithospheric mantle material; components of magmatic liquids do not reveal any connection to the lithospheric structure. Another scenario yields a direct control of melting in lithospheric sources in an evolving transtensional structure. In this case, spatial-temporal changes of lithospheric and sub-lithospheric components are a direct indication of the evolving transtensional zone. In this paper, we present arguments in favor of the transtensional origin of the lithosphere-derived melting anomaly along the Wudalianchi volcanic zone, which are based on the study of components in the rocks sampled from the volcanic field of the same name.</p></sec><sec><title>Analytical methods</title><p>Analytical methods. Trace elements were determined by ICP–MS using a mass-spectrometer Agilent 7500ce and isotopes using a mass-spectrometer Finnigan MAT 262. The methods used were described in the previous papers by Rasskazov et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2011">2011</xref>] and Yasnygina et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2015">2015</xref>]. Major oxides were measured by “wet chemistry”.</p><p>Structural setting of the Wudalianchi zone. This zone extends north-south for 230 km at the northern circuit of the Songliao basin, subsided in the Late Mesozoic – Early Cenozoic (Fig. 1).</p><p>Timing of volcanism and variations of K2O contents in rocks from the Wudalianchi zone. Rocks, dated back to the Pliocene and Quaternary, show the stepwise increasing K2O content interval along the Wudalianchi zone from the southernmost Erkeshan volcanic field (5.6–5.8 wt %) to the northernmost Xiaogulihe-Menlu volcanic field (2.0–9.5 wt %) (Fig. 2).</p><p>Spatial-temporal clustering of volcanoes in the Wudalianchi field. In terms of the general Quaternary evolution of volcanism in Asia [Rasskazov et al., 2012], spatial-temporal distribution and compositional variations of volcanic products, we distinguish three time intervals of the volcanic evolution: (1) 2.5–2.0 Ma, (2) 1.3–0.8 Ma, and (3) &lt;0.6 Ma. The Central group of volcanoes showed persistent shifting of eruptions from Wohushan (1.33–0.42 Ma) to Bijiashan (0.45–0.28 Ma) to Laoheishan (1720–1721, possibly earlier) to Huoshaoshan (1721) (Figs 3, 4, 5). No spatial-temporal regularity of eruptions in volcanoes of the Erkeshan field and Western and Eastern groups of the Wudalianchi field reflected background activity.</p></sec><sec><title>Sampling</title><p>Sampling. Representative sampling of rocks from the Wohushan–Huoshaoshan volcanic line was aimed to identify changing geochemical signatures along the whole volcanic line and in the course of eruptions in each volcano (Figs 3, 6, 7). For comparisons, the background volcanoes were also sampled.</p><p>Silica and alkalis oxides. On the total alkalis–silica (TAS) diagram (Fig. 8), data points of background rocks are distributed along the dividing lines between highly and moderately alkaline series mainly in tephriphonolite and trachyandesite fields with a few samples in the phonotephrite field. Background rocks from some volcanoes (e.g. Yaoquanshan and Weishan) are highly alkaline (phonotephrites and tephriphonolites). Background rocks from other volcanoes (Longmenshan, Jiaodebushan etc.) are moderately alkaline (mostly trachyandesites). In background rocks, Na2O+K2O range from 8.6 to 9.7 wt %, SiO2 from 51.6 to 55.0 wt %. Phonotephrites from the Erkeshan field are comparable with the Wudalianchi background rocks of this type.</p><p>Data points of rocks from the Central group of volcanoes are also distributed along the discriminating line of highly and moderately alkaline series, mainly in the phonotephrite and trachyandesite fields. Almost all samples from the first volcano (Wohushan) fall within the data field of background rocks. Rock compositions of the second and third volcanoes (Bijiashan and Laoheishan) changed on each of them from similar to the background to the ones distinguished by the lower silica and alkalis contents. On the Bijiashan volcano, eruptions were exhibited by trachyandesites of a lava shield and by basaltic trachyandesites and phonotephrites of a volcanic cone. The trachyandesites were comparable to the background rocks, the basaltic trachyandesites and phonotephrites differed from them. On the Laoheishan volcano, rocks were subdivided into three groups: (1) basaltic trachyandesites and phonotephrites, (2) trachyandesites, and (3) phonotephrites. The first group was recorded in pyroclastic material from the late volcanic cone and lavas from the northern bocca, the second group in pyroclastic material from the northwestern edge of the late crater, and the third group in bombs from its southwestern edge. On the fourth volcano (Huoshaoshan), rocks are basaltic trachyandesites and phonotephrites.</p><p>In terms of Na2O, K2O, and SiO2 contents, peripheral lavas of volcanic fans in the Bijiashan, Laoheishan, and Huoshaoshan volcanoes were close to background rocks. The contents of these oxides, differed from the background signatures, characterize rocks from volcanic cones in a linear progression that demonstrates the transition from compositions of the Wohushan volcano, close to background ones, through the intermediate values in the Bijiashan and Laoheishan volcanoes to the final compositions in the Huoshaoshan volcanic cone.</p><p>In the background rocks, K2O concentrations range from 4.8 to 6.0 wt % with its relative decrease in the rocks of the beginning and end of volcanic evolution. Initial lava flows with K2O contents as low as 4.0 wt % erupted along the Laoshantou – Old Gelaqiushan north-south locus from 2.5 to 2.0 Ma and in the final cone of the Huoshaoshan volcano, erupted in 1721, fell to 3.2 wt %. Since 1.3 Ma, irregular spatial-temporal distribution of volcanic activity reflected dominated background processes. Between 1.3 and 0.8 Ma, eruptions took place at the South Gelaqiushan volcano and along the west-east locus of the Lianhuashan, Yaoquanshan, West Jaodebushan, West Longmenshan volcanoes. In the last 0.6 Ma, three groups of volcanoes erupted: Western (North Gelaqiushan, Lianhuashan, Jianshan-Jianshanzi, Central (Wohushan, Bijiashan, Laoheishan, Huoshaoshan), and Eastern (Weishan, East Jaodebushan, Xiaogoshan, West and East Longmenshan, Molabushan). Background eruptions continued in the Western and Eastern groups, whereas the Central group displayed stepwise shift of activity from the southwest to the northeast. Under such a regular volcanic evolution, relative reduction of K2O abundances took place in final eruption products of the Huoshaoshan volcano (Fig. 9).</p></sec><sec><title>Other major oxides</title><p>Other major oxides. Changes of rock compositions along the Wohushan-Huoshaoshan line, from the close to the background signatures at the first volcano (Wohushan) through the contrast major oxide contents at the Bijiashan and Laoheishan edifices to notably different from the background ones at the Huoshaoshan cone, are illustrated further by diagrams of SiO2 vs. MgO, Al2O3 vs. MgO, CaO vs. MgO, and P2O5 vs. MgO (Figs 10, 11).</p></sec><sec><title>Trace elements</title><p>Trace elements. No sufficient difference is found between primitive mantle-normalized patterns plotted for rocks from different volcanoes (Fig. 13). Nevertheless, specific variations of rock compositions in the Central group of volcanoes close to the background and different from them are shown on the diagrams of Ni, Cr, Rb, Zr, Ba, Th, Sr, and La/Yb vs. MgO (Figs 12, 14, 15). A similar behavior was observed, on the one hand, for Rb and Zr, on the other hand, for Ba, Th, Sr, and La/Yb. In rocks from the Central group of volcanoes, which are compositionally close to the background ones, Rb concentrations increase from the first volcano (Wohushan) through the second (Bijiashan) to the third (Laoheishan). In rocks that differ from the background ones, Rb concentrations increase from the second to the fourth volcano and decrease in its final edifice. In rocks, close to the background ones, Zr concentrations decrease from the first to the second volcano and increase to the third volcano. In rocks, distinguished from background ones, relatively low concentrations of Zr at the first volcano change to elevated concentrations at the third and fourth volcanoes with relative decrease at the final Huoshaoshan edifice.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Sub-lithospheric continuum of components under East Asia comprises a material from convective mantle domain with subducted slab (paleoslab) fragments of oceanic (paleooceanic) crust as well as delaminated lithospheric blocks of orogens. Volcanic rocks from the Wudalianchi field show a sub-lithospheric end-member, which belongs to this continuum. Lithospheric components of these rocks, however, have no connection with other sub-lithospheric components. We refer the Wudalianchi rocks to a sub-lithospheric–lithospheric cluster of components from the boundary between the lithosphere and sub-lithospheric convective mantle (Fig. 17). From the comparative analysis of K2O, other major oxides, and trace elements in rocks of early and late eruption phases in the Central group of volcanoes, we infer that rocks were compositionally almost similar to the background ones in edifices of the first volcano (Wohushan), partially close to the background rocks and partly differed from them in edifices of the second and third volcanoes (Bijiashan, Laoheishan), and significantly different from the background rocks in the cone of the fourth volcano (Huoshaoshan) (Figs 18, 19). We suggest that magma generation under the Wudalianchi volcanic field was controlled by developing transtension of a layer at the base of the lithosphere that divided and shielded sources of the underlying homogeneous sub-lithospheric convective mantle and the overlying enriched heterogeneous lithosphere. The sub-lithospheric magma source had 87Sr/86Sr=0.7052, sources of the boundary shielding layer the same and lower Sr-isotopic ratios, and sources of the overlying region the same and higher ratios (Fig. 20). Through the extremely low row of data points for rocks from the Huoshaoshan volcanic cone in 87Sr/86Sr vs. 87Rb/86Sr plot, we get an estimate of about 98 Ma for the isotopic system closure at the base of the lithosphere with the initial 87Sr/86Sr apatite-related value 0.70485 and the underlying convective mantle domain with Rb/Sr=0.092 (Fig. 21). We infer that the development of transtension governed time and space of the locally introduced convective mantle component through the boundary shielding layer on background of melting enriched mantle material above the latter (Fig. 22). The 2.5–2.0 Ma local eruptions of sub-lithospheric liquids, derived from the axial part of the north-south zone of transtension, were followed by the 1.3–0.8 Ma background melts from a wider transtensional segment of the enriched lithospheric region. Afterwards, in the past 0.6 Ma, background melting of the enriched lithosphere sharply outlined edge portions of the transtensional segment, whereas simultaneous local sub-lithospheric melting propagated along a crack that originated within the boundary shielding layer due to concentrating tectonic forces at the central portion of the transtensional segment.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>калиевые породы</kwd><kwd>микроэлементы</kwd><kwd>изотопы Sr</kwd><kwd>транстенсия</kwd><kwd>астеносфера</kwd><kwd>литосфера</kwd><kwd>Удаляньчи</kwd><kwd>Северо-Восточный Китай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Potassic rocks</kwd><kwd>trace elements</kwd><kwd>Sr isotopes</kwd><kwd>transtension</kwd><kwd>asthenosphere</kwd><kwd>lithosphere</kwd><kwd>Wudalianchi</kwd><kwd>Northeast China</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basu A.R., Junwen W., Wankang H., Guanghong X., Tatsumoto M., 1991. 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