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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gtcrust</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геодинамика и тектонофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geodynamics &amp; Tectonophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2078-502X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5800/GT-2016-7-2-0202</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gtcrust-253</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПАЛЕОГЕОДИНАМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PALEOGEODYNAMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>БОНИНИТЫ ВО	ВРЕМЕНИ И ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ: ПЕТРОГЕНЕЗИС И ГЕОДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ ОБСТАНОВКИ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>BONINITES THROUGH TIME AND SPACE: PETROGENESIS AND GEODYNAMIC SETTINGS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щипанский</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchipansky</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. геол.-мин. наук, в.н.с.,</p><p>119017, Москва, Пыжевский пер., 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy, Lead Researcher,</p><p>7 Pyzhevsky lane, Moscow 119017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shchipansky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Геологический	институт РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Geological Institute of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>172</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щипанский А.А., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щипанский А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchipansky A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/253">https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/253</self-uri><abstract><p>Бониниты получили широкую известность благодаря глубоководным исследованиям преддуговых областей современных зон плитовой конвергенции Юго‐Западной Пацифики. Однако они имеют широкое распространение и в офиолитах складчатых поясов, которые традиционно рассматриваются в качестве океанической коры геологического прошлого. Поскольку бониниты не известны в срединно‐океанических хребтах, неизбежно возникает вопрос о природе офиолитов.</p><p>Общепринято, что под бонинитами понимаются вулканические породы, которые удовлетворяют следующим критическим параметрам составов (в пересчете на сухой остаток) – SiO2&gt;52 вес. %; MgO&gt;8 вес. % и TiO2&lt;0.5 вес. % [Le Bas, 2000]. Их классификация основана на различиях в химических, а не минералогических составах, и принято различать две крупные группы бонинитов – высококальциевые и низкокальциевые [Crawford et al., 1989]. С бонинитами пространственно и генетически связаны примитивные островодужные низко‐Ti лавы, что предопределило необходимость выделения обособленной магматической серии, известной как бонинитовая серия [Pearce, Robinson, 2010]. Собственно бониниты являются наиболее фракционированной ветвью серии, которая берет начало в пикритовых низко‐Ti расплавах. Характер распределения спектра малых элементов бонинитов наглядно показывает необычайно высокую степень деплетации мантийного источника при одновременных свидетельствах их надсубдукционного генезиса, например отрицательных аномалиях Nb(Ta) и Ti. Спектры малых элементов бонинитовой серии таковы, что, во‐первых, исключается участие какого‐либо вклада в их петрогенезис материала континентальной коры и, во‐вторых, требуется плавление мантийного источника, более деплетированного по сравнению с лерцолитовой мантией, генерирующей расплавы MORB. В то же время геохимия пород бонинитовой серии демонстрирует их отчетливую связь с толеитами островных дуг – структур, в которых происходит формирование ювенильных порций континентальной коры.</p><p>В статье обобщены литературные данные по 36 объектам находок бонинитов в современных обстановках, офиолитах и раннедокембрийских зеленокаменных поясах. Показано, что породы бонинитовой серии формировались на протяжении всей геологической истории Земли.</p><p>Петрологическая уникальность пород бонинитовой серии состоит в том, что для их генезиса требуется сочетание различных факторов, которое может реализовываться только в определенных, и очень ограниченных по месту локализации, геодинамических обстановках. Во‐первых, происхождение источника бонинитовых магм требует предварительного истощения верхнемантийного резервуара одним или несколькими эпизодами экстракции базальтовых расплавов; т.е. источником являлась гарцбургитовая мантия. Во‐вторых, лавы бонинитовой серии характеризуются заметной обогащенностью крупноионными литофильными элементами и легкими редкоземельными элементами по сравнению с несовместимыми высокозарядными ионами. Такие их геохимические характеристики указывают на активность водного флюида, который должен был быть инфильтрирован в мантийный источник бонинитовых расплавов. Несмотря на неопределенности в экспериментальном моделировании расплавов бонинитовой серии, составы которых зависят от многих факторов, включающих степень деплетации мантии и флюидный режим плавления, существует ясность в том, что для их генерации требуются аномально высокие температуры и присутствие водосодержащего флюида в заметном количестве. На основе современной теории декомпрессионного плавления верхней мантии были проведены расчеты условий генерации первичных расплавов бонинитовой серии различного возраста, что позволило установить отчетливый эволюционный тренд их изменения. Показано, что раннедокембрийские бонинитовые серии формировались при более высоких степенях плавления гарцбургитовой мантии (30–40 %), а формирование мантийных расплавных колонн происходило на существенно бóльших глубинах (3.5–4.0 ГПа), чем в фанерозойском эоне (2.5–3.0 ГПа).</p><p>Исследования современных проявлений бонинитового вулканизма демонстрируют, что они локализованы только в зонах интраокеанической плитовой конвергенции, и нет ни одного доказанного примера, свидетельствующего об иных геодинамических обстановках их формирования. Благодаря многочисленным находкам пород бонинитовой серии, в настоящее время стало очевидным, что большинство офиолитов мира мар‐ кируют формации не древних срединно‐океанических хребтов, а палеозоны спрединга в надсубдукционных обстановках на границах океанических плит геологического прошлого. Понимание геодинамической обстановки формирования бонинитовых серий было связано с тем, что офиолиты супрасубдукционных зон связаны с начальными стадиями возникновения интраокеанических островных дуг. С физической точки зрения, главным условием для начала субдукции является возникновение гравитационной нестабильности в океанической литосфере, приводящей к ее полному расколу или коллапсу, а следовательно, к декомпрессионному плавлению верхней мантии и инициации погружения одной части плиты под другую. Это явление, как и генетическая связь бонинитов с офиолитами, легло в основание «правила инициации субдукции» (subduction initiation rule, SIR) [Whattam, Stern, 2011].</p><p>Теоретически, коллапс литосферы может произойти в двух случаях: 1) когда в соприкосновение приходят плиты с разными термальными характеристиками, например при трансформном совмещении плит разного возраста – древней, холодной, и молодой, горячей [Stern, 2004]; 2) когда место инициации субдукции определяется плотностными неоднородностями на границах нормальной океанической литосферы и утолщенной океанической литосферы плюмовой природы, т.е. океанических плато или трассеров воздействия горячих точек – асейсмических хребтов или симаунтов [Niu et al., 2003]. Хорошо известно, что подъем мантийного плюма приводит к ослаблению прочности литосферы и может вызвать раскол континентов. Но, помимо этого явления, внедрение плюма в литосферу существенно изменяет ее плотностные характеристики. Привнос в верхние горизонты мантии и океаническую литосферу расплавов из обогащенного глубинного источника должен приводить к рефертилизации ранее деплетированной мантии. По мере охлаждения такой процесс будет вести к уплотнению переработанной мантийным плюмом верхней мантии, а возникший в области переработки новый сегмент литосферы со временем может приобрести отрицательную плавучесть. Это обусловлено тем, что вулканиты OIB заметно обогащены Fe и Ti. Кроме того, хорошо известно, что Fe‐Ti базальты/габбро эклогитизируются гораздо быстрее их магнезиальных эквивалентов.</p><p>По-видимому, процесс установления стационарного режима субдукции требует некоторого периода аккомодации, связанного с обрывами слэба и, как следствие, контрастностью тектонических режимов на поверхности. Причиной малоглубинного отрыва слэба могла стать плотностная неоднородность погружавшейся литосферы, например ее локальная переутяжеленность продуктами OIB магматизма. Важнейшими геодинамическими следствиями этого являются, во‐первых, кратковременное сильное термальное возмущение над узколокализованной областью слэбового окна и, во‐вторых, быстрый аплифт ее надсубдукционной области. Такой механизм хорошо объясняет кратковременность (3–5 млн лет) и большие объемы вулканизма, существенно превышающие объемы вулканизма в режимах стационарной субдукции [Stern, 2002, 2004]. Ап‐ лифт надсубдукционной области приводит к образованию на месте висячей плиты офиолитовой «платформы» – фундамента для островодужной постройки.</p><p>В раннем докембрии бонинитовый магматизм представлен широко, а количество новых находок древних бонинитов неуклонно возрастает. Согласно недавно опубликованным оценкам, объем бонинитового магматизма в архее примерно соответствует объемам коматиитов [Furnes et al., 2014]. Установление пород бонинитовой серии, ассоциирующих с фрагментами параллельных даек и метабазитами IAT‐типа в древнейшем сохранившемся комплексе Исуа, по‐видимому, указывает на то, что процессы субдукции имеют корни, простирающиеся к началу геологической истории Земли. Поскольку процессы инициации субдукции требуют раскола океанической литосферы на ее полную мощность, раннедокембрийская литосфера по реологическим свойствам до ее основания должна была находиться в области хрупких или хрупко‐пластических деформаций. Другими словами, такую литосферу можно рассматривать как жесткое тело, способное противостоять конвективной нестабильности, что является атрибутом плитовой тектоники [Sleep, 1992]. Мощность архейской океанической литосферы оценивается в 85–120 км, тогда как современной – примерно в 60 км.</p><p>В отличие от фанерозойских бонинитовых серий, родоначальные расплавы раннедокембрийских серий формировались на глубинах ~120–130 км, т.е. в поле стабильности алмаза. Учитывая то, что примитивные расплавы древних бонинитовых серий несут метки субдукционного влияния, можно думать о способности глубокого погружения слэбов в раннедокембрийскую мантию. Таким образом, можно полагать, что в раннем докембрии действовал механизм толстоплитовой тектоники, который к неопротерозою постепенно сменился на механизм тонкоплитовой тектоники. Мантийно‐плюмовое воздействие на литосферу Земли – сквозное явление на протяжении всей геологической истории, которое определяет возникновение в ней существенных плотностных неоднородностей и, как следствие, мест инициации субдукции и роста континентальной коры.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides an overview of boninitic magmatism occurrences in space and time and shows that the boninite rock series were generated through the entire geological history of the Earth. In modern environments, the genesis of boninites is related to intra‐oceanic subduction initiation. Boninites are typical members of suprasubduc‐ tion zone ophiolite sequences in the Phanerozoic fold belts and also present in the early Precambrian greenstone belts. A comparative study on compositions of the early Precambrian and Phanerozoic boninites indicate their evolu‐ tion through time due to gradual transition from the early thick‐plate tectonics to the modern thin‐plate tectonics. A link between subduction initiation and mantle‐plume impingement at the oceanic lithosphere is discussed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бониниты</kwd><kwd>инициация субдукции</kwd><kwd>мантийный плюм</kwd><kwd>эволюция геодинамики Земли</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>boninite</kwd><kwd>subduction initiation</kwd><kwd>mantle plume</kwd><kwd>secular changing in the Earth geodynamics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbott D.H., Burgess L., Longhi J., Smith W.H.F., 1994. An empirical thermal history of the Earth`s upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (B7), 13835–13850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JB00112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbott D.H., Burgess L., Longhi J., Smith W.H.F., 1994. An empirical thermal history of the Earth`s upper mantle. 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