gtcrustГеодинамика и тектонофизикаGeodynamics & Tectonophysics2078-502XInstitute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch10.5800/GT-2026-17-3-0891AVLTGXgtcrust-2291Research ArticleСОВРЕМЕННАЯ ГЕОДИНАМИКАRECENT GEODYNAMICSМОЩНОСТЬ ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ БАЙКАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА И МОНГОЛИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ СПУТНИКОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ ГРАВИТАЦИОННОГО ПОЛЯCRUSTAL THICKNESS IN THE BAIKAL REGION AND MONGOLIA BASED ON INTERPRETATION OF THE SATELLITE GRAVITY MODELhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6029-7801ТимофеевВ. Ю.TimofeevV. Yu.

630090, Новосибирск, пр-т Академика Коптюга, 3 

3 Academician Koptyug Ave, Novosibirsk 630090 

timofeevvy@ipgg.sbras.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-7114АрдюковД. Г.ArdyukovD. G.

630090, Новосибирск, пр-т Академика Коптюга, 3 

3 Academician Koptyug Ave, Novosibirsk 630090 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-7244ТимофеевА. В.TimofeevA. V.

630090, Новосибирск, пр-т Академика Коптюга, 3 

3 Academician Koptyug Ave, Novosibirsk 630090 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2678-7636ГолдобинД. Н.GoldobinD. N.

630108, Новосибирск, ул. Плахотного, 10 

10 Plakhotny St, Novosibirsk 630108 

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5442-5969ВалитовМ. Г.ValitovM. G.

690041, Владивосток, ул. Балтийская, 43 

43 Baltiyskaya St, Vladivostok 690041 

Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука СО РАНРоссияTrofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationСибирский государственный университет геосистем и технологийРоссияSiberian State University Geosystems and TechnologyRussian FederationТихоокеанский океанологический институт им. В.И. Ильичева ДВО РАНРоссияIl’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202618062026173891891Copyright © Тимофеев В.Ю., Ардюков Д.Г., Тимофеев А.В., Голдобин Д.Н., Валитов М.Г., 20262026Тимофеев В.Ю., Ардюков Д.Г., Тимофеев А.В., Голдобин Д.Н., Валитов М.Г.Timofeev V.Y., Ardyukov D.G., Timofeev A.V., Goldobin D.N., Valitov M.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/2291

Для Байкальского региона, его окружения и Монголии рассмотрено глубинное строение земной коры. Карта положения границы Мохо построена по гравиметрической спутниковой модели EIGEN-6C4 для территории от 43 до 61° с.ш. и от 88 до 120° в.д. При интерпретации гравиметрических материалов использованы известные сейсмические данные. Интерпретация данных модели EIGEN-6C4 в редукции Буге выполнена в рамках двухслойной модели кора – мантия при разности плотности 0.5·103 кг/м3. В результате для Западно-Сибирской плиты и Сибирской платформы граница Мохо находится на глубине 40–45 км при слабых латеральных вариациях. В области байкальских впадин глубина уменьшается до 34–38 км. Южнее границы по Главному Саянскому разлому в горных районах получены значительные латеральные вариации глубины поверхности Мохо. В областях активного горообразования (Монгольский Алтай, Гоби-Алтай, Хангай) мощность коры достигает 55–60 км. Для Котловины Больших Озер мощность уменьшается до 45 км. Становое нагорье, пустыня Гоби и Большой Хинган отличаются глубиной от 45 до 50 км. На крайнем юго-западе территории в районе Джунгарии, Тянь-Шаня и Турфанской впадины наблюдаются максимальные перепады глубины Мохо (от 40 до 70 км). Ошибка определения глубины поверхности Мохо составляет от 2 до 4 км. Полученные оценки для Среднесибирского плоскогорья и байкальских впадин в целом соответствуют сейсмическим данным. Оценки, сделанные гравиметрическим методом по наземным данным, не противоречат нашим результатам. Аномальное поведение высоты квазигеоида, полученного для геопотенциала EIGEN-6C4, относительно эллипсоида WGS84 отмечено на северо-западной границе Амурской плиты. Северная граница плиты четко проявляется в латеральном распределении аномалий Буге и мощности коры.

The article discusses deep Earth crustal structure in the Baikal region, neighboring territory and Mongolia. The EIGEN-6C4 satellite gravity model-based Moho depth map was drawn for the territory with coordinates 43 to 61° N, 88 to 120° E. Gravity data interpretation was performed using seismic results obtained. The Bouguer EIGEN-6C4 model data interpretation was performed within the two-layer crust – mantle model with density diference 0.5·103 kg/m3. According to interpretation, Moho depth of the West Siberian Plate and Siberian Platform was estimated at 40–45 km with slight lateral variations, The depth decreases to 34–38 km near the Baikal basins. Strong lateral variations in Moho depth were obtained in mountainous areas south of the boundary going along the Main Sayan fault. The crustal thickness reaches 55–60 km in the area of active orogens (Mongolian Altai, Gobi Altai, Hangai) and decreases to 45 km in the Great Lakes Basin. The Stanovoi Range, Gobi Desert and Big Hingan have Moho depths ranging from 45 to 50 km. The southwesternmost part of the territory near Dzungaria, Tien Shan and Tuffan basin show the maximum drop of Moho from a depth of 40 km to 70 km. The Moho depth estimation error is from 2 to 4 km. The depths obtained for the Central Siberian Plateau and the Baikal basins generally correspond to the seismic data. The ground-based gravity data estimations do not contradict our results. The height anomalies of the quasigeoid model for the EIGEN-6C4 geopotential model relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid are found on the northwestern boundary of the Amur plate. The northern boundary of the Amur plate is clearly defined in the lateral distribution of the Bouguer anomalies and crustal thickness.

гравиметрические спутниковые моделианомалии Бугеграница МохоМонгольский АлтайГоби-АлтайБайкальский рифтСибирская платформаsatellite gravity modelsBouguer anomaliesMohoMongolian AltaiGobi AltaiBaikal riftSiberian PlatformИсследование проведено в рамках госзадания ИНГГ СО РАН (тема НИР № FWZZ-2026-0051).The study was carried out on the state assignment of the IPGG SB RAS (research topic No. FWZZ-2026-0051).ReferencesBonvalot S., Briais A., Kuhn M., Peyrefitte A., Vales N., Biancale R., Gabalda G., Moreaux G., Reinquin F., Sarrailh M., 2012. Global Grids: World Gravity Map (WGM2012). https://doi.org/10.18168/BGI.23.Bonvalot S., Briais A., Kuhn M., Peyrefitte A., Vales N., Biancale R., Gabalda G., Moreaux G., Reinquin F., Sarrailh M., 2012. Global Grids: World Gravity Map (WGM2012). https://doi.org/10.18168/BGI.23.Burov E.B., Houdry F., Diament M., Deverchere J., 1994. A Broken Plate Beneath the North Baikal Rift Zone Revealed by Gravity Modeling. Geophysical Research Letters 21 (2), 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL03078.Burov E.B., Houdry F., Diament M., Deverchere J., 1994. A Broken Plate Beneath the North Baikal Rift Zone Revealed by Gravity Modeling. Geophysical Research Letters 21 (2), 129–132. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL03078.Демберел С. Сейсмичность и напряженно-деформированное состояние литосферы Монголии: Дис. … д.г.-м.н. Улан-Батор, 2017. 374 c.Demberel S., 2017. Seismicity and Stress-Strain State of the Lithosphere in Mongolia. PhD Thesis (Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy). Ulaanbaatar, 374 p. (in Russian)Dobretsov N.L., Buslov M.M., Delvaux D., Berzin N.A., Ermikov V.D., 1996. Meso- and Cenozoic Tectonics of the Central Asian Mountain Belt: Effects of Lithospheric Plate Interaction and Mantle Plume. International Geology Review 38 (5), 430–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465345.Dobretsov N.L., Buslov M.M., Delvaux D., Berzin N.A., Ermikov V.D., 1996. Meso- and Cenozoic Tectonics of the Central Asian Mountain Belt: Effects of Lithospheric Plate Interaction and Mantle Plume. International Geology Review 38 (5), 430–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465345.Dobretsov N.L., Buslov M.M., Vasilevskiy A.N., Zhmodik S.M., Kotlyarov A.V., 2021. First Results and Prospects of a New Approach to Study of Active Geologic Processes by Space and Ground Instrumental Measurements (by the Example of Kamchatka and the Central Asian Orogenic Belt). Russian Geology and Geophysics 62 (1), 44–67. https://doi.org/10.2113/RGG20204227.Dobretsov N.L., Buslov M.M., Vasilevskiy A.N., Zhmodik S.M., Kotlyarov A.V., 2021. First Results and Prospects of a New Approach to Study of Active Geologic Processes by Space and Ground Instrumental Measurements (by the Example of Kamchatka and the Central Asian Orogenic Belt). Russian Geology and Geophysics 62 (1), 44–67. https://doi.org/10.2113/RGG20204227.Drinkwater M.R., Floberhagen R., Haagmans R., Muzi D., Popescu A., 2003. GOCE: ESA’s First Earth Explorer Core Mission. In: G. Beutler, M.R. Drinkwater, R. Rummel, R. Steiger (Eds), Earth Gravity Field from Space – from Sensors to Earth Science. Space Science Series of ISSI. Vol. 17. Springer, Dordrecht, p. 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1333-7_36.Drinkwater M.R., Floberhagen R., Haagmans R., Muzi D., Popescu A., 2003. GOCE: ESA’s First Earth Explorer Core Mission. In: G. Beutler, M.R. Drinkwater, R. Rummel, R. Steiger (Eds), Earth Gravity Field from Space – from Sensors to Earth Science. Space Science Series of ISSI. Vol. 17. Springer, Dordrecht, p. 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1333-7_36.Джурик В.И., Ключевский А.В., Серебренников С.П., Демьянович В.М., Батсайхан Ц., Баяраа Г. Сейсмичность и районирование сейсмической опасности территории Монголии. Иркутск: ИЗК СО РАН, 2009. 420 с.Dzhurik V.I., Klyuchevskii A.V., Serebrennikov S.P., Demyanovich V.M., Batsaikhan Ts., Bayaraa G., 2009. Seismicity and Seismic Zoning for the Territory of Mongolia. IEC SB RAS, Irkutsk, 420 p. (in Russian)Dziewonski A.M., Anderson D.L., 1981. Preliminary Reference Earth Model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25 (4), 297–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7.Dziewonski A.M., Anderson D.L., 1981. Preliminary Reference Earth Model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25 (4), 297–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7.Еманов А.А., Еманов А.Ф., Фатеев А.В., Лескова Е.В. Оценка глубины поверхности Мохо по данным МОВЗ профиля Сайлюгем – Ельцовка // XIII международный научный конгресс и выставка Интерэкспо Гео-Сибирь-2017 (7–12 апреля 2017 г.): Материалы международной научной конференции «Недропользование. Горное дело. Направления и технологии поиска, разведки и разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых. Экономика. Геоэкология». Новосибирск: СГУГиТ, 2017. Т. 3. С. 121–126.Emanov A.A., Emanov A.F., Fateev A.V., Leskova E.V., 2017. Moho Depth Estimation from the ECWM Data for the Sailyugem – Eltsovka Profile. In: XIII International Scientific Congress and Exhibition "InterExpo Geo-Siberia-2017" (April 7–12, 2017). Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Subsoil Use. Mining. Directions and Technologies for Mineral Prospecting, Exploration and Development. Economics. Geoecology". Vol. 3. SSUGT, Novosibirsk, p. 121–126 (in Russian)Förste C., Bruinsma S.L., Abrikosov O., Lemoine J.-M., Marty J.C., Flechtner F., Balmino G., Barthelmes F., Biancale R., 2014. EIGEN-6C4 The Latest Combined Global Gravity Field Model Including GOCE Data up to Degree and Order 2190 of GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/icgem.2015.1.Förste C., Bruinsma S.L., Abrikosov O., Lemoine J.-M., Marty J.C., Flechtner F., Balmino G., Barthelmes F., Biancale R., 2014. EIGEN-6C4 The Latest Combined Global Gravity Field Model Including GOCE Data up to Degree and Order 2190 of GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/icgem.2015.1.Голдобин Д.Н. Определение геометрической структуры гравитационного поля на территории Западной Сибири по данным современных глобальных моделей геопотенциала // Вестник СГУГиТ. 2019. Т. 24. № 2. С. 19–34. https://doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2019-24-2-19-34.Goldobin D.N., 2019. Determination of Geometric Structure of Gravitaion Field on the Territory of Western Siberia on the Data of Modern Global Geopotential Models. Vestnik of SSUGT 24 (2), 19–34 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2019-24-2-19-34.Голдобин Д.Н., Мазурова Е.М., Канушин В.Ф., Ганагина И.Г., Косарев Н.С., Косарева А.М. Одномерное сферическое преобразование Фурье и его реализация для расчета глобальной модели квазигеоида в нулевом приближении теории Молоденского // Вестник СГУГиТ. 2015. Т. 31. № 3. С. 45–52.Goldobin D.N., Mazurova E.M., Kanushin V.F., Ganagina I.G., Kosarev N.S., Kosareva A.M., 2015. One-Dimensional Spherical Fourier Transformation and Its Implementation for the Calculation of the Global Model Quasigeoid with Accuracy of the Zero Approach of Molodensky’s Theory. Vestnik of SSUGT 31 (3), 45–52 (in Russian)Грушинский Н.П. Основы гравиметрии. М.: Наука, 1983. 352 с.Grushinsky N.P., 1983. Fundamentals in Gravimetry. Nauka, Moscow, 352 p. (in Russian) [Грушинский Н.П. Основы гравиметрии. М.: Наука, 1983. 352 с.].Hirt C., Rexer M., 2015. Earth2014: 1 Arc-Min Shape, Topography, Bedrock and Ice-Sheet Models – Available as Gridded Data and Degree-10,800 Spherical Harmonics. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 39, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2015.03.001.Hirt C., Rexer M., 2015. Earth2014: 1 Arc-Min Shape, Topography, Bedrock and Ice-Sheet Models – Available as Gridded Data and Degree-10,800 Spherical Harmonics. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 39, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2015.03.001.Канушин В.Ф., Голдобин Д.Н., Кобелева Н.Н. Исследование точности глобальных моделей геопотенциала EGM2008, EIGEN-6C4, GECO, SGG-UGM-1, SGG-UGM-2, XGM2019 на территории Российской Федерации // Вестник СГУГиТ. 2023. Т. 28. № 3. С. 16–22. https://doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2023-28-3-16-22.Kanushin V.F., Goldobin D.N., Kobeleva N.N., 2023. Study of the Accuracy of Global Geopotential Models EGM2008, EIGEN-6C4, GECO, SGG-UGM-1, SGG-UGM-2, XGM2019 on the Territory of the Russian Federation. Vestnik of SSUGT 3 (28), 16–22 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2023-28-3-16-22.Канушин В.Ф., Карпик А.П., Ганагина И.Г., Голдобин Д.Н., Косарева А.М., Косарев Н.С. Исследование современных глобальных моделей гравитационного поля Земли. Новосибирск: СГУГиТ, 2015. 270 с.Kanushin V.F., Karpik A.P., Ganagina I.G., Goldobin D.N., Kosareva A.M., Kosarev N.S., 2015. Study of the Present-Day Global Gravitational Models of the Earth. SSUGT, Novosibirsk, 270 p. (in Russian)Lemoine F.G., Kenyon S.C., Factor J.K., Trimmer R.G., Palvis N.K., Chinn D.S., Cox C.M., Klosko S.M. et al., 1998. The Development of the Joint NASA GSFC and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Geopotential Model EGM96. NASA/TP-1998–206861. 584 p.Lemoine F.G., Kenyon S.C., Factor J.K., Trimmer R.G., Palvis N.K., Chinn D.S., Cox C.M., Klosko S.M. et al., 1998. The Development of the Joint NASA GSFC and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) Geopotential Model EGM96. NASA/TP-1998–206861. 584 p.Логачев Н.А. История и геодинамика Байкальского рифта // Геология и геофизика. 2003. Т. 44. № 5. С. 391–406.Logachev N.A., 2003. History and Geodynamics of the Baikal Rift. Russian Geology and Geophysics 4 (5), 391–406 (in Russian)Logatchev N.A., Zorin Yu.A., 1992. Baikal Rift Zone: Structure and Geodynamics. Tectonophysics 208, 273–286.Logatchev N.A., Zorin Yu.A., 1992. Baikal Rift Zone: Structure and Geodynamics. Tectonophysics 208, 273–286.Malyshev Yu.F., Podgornyi V.Ya., Shevchenko B.F., Romanovskii N.P., Kaplun V.B., Gornov P.Yu., 2007. Deep Structure of the Amur Lithospheric Plate Border Zone. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 1 (2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819714007020017.Malyshev Yu.F., Podgornyi V.Ya., Shevchenko B.F., Romanovskii N.P., Kaplun V.B., Gornov P.Yu., 2007. Deep Structure of the Amur Lithospheric Plate Border Zone. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 1 (2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819714007020017.Миронов В.С. Курс гравиразведки. Л.: Недра, 1973. 512 с.Mironov V.S., 1973. Gravity Survey Course. Nedra, Leningrad, 512 p. (in Russian) [Миронов В.С. Курс гравиразведки. Л.: Недра, 1973. 512 с.].Molnar P., Tapponnier P., 1975. Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision. Science 189 (4201), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.189.4201.419.Molnar P., Tapponnier P., 1975. Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision. Science 189 (4201), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.189.4201.419.Гравиразведка. Справочник геофизика / Ред. Е.А. Мудрецова, К.Е. Веселов. М.: Недра, 1990. 607 с.Mudretsova E.A., Veselov K.E. (Eds), 1990. Gravity Survey. Handbook of Geophysics. Nedra, Moscow, 607 p. (in Russian)Новый каталог сильных землетрясений на территории СССР с древнейших времен до 1975 года. М.: Наука, 1977. 536 с.New Catalog of Strong Earthquakes in the USSR from Ancient Times to 1975, 1977. Nauka, Moscow, 536 p. (in Russian)Pail R., Bruinsma S., Migliaccio F., Förste Ch., Goiginger H., Schuh W.D., Höck E., Reguzzoni M. et al., 2011. First GOCE Gravity Field Models Derived by Three Different Approaches. Journal of Geodesy 85 (11), 819–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0467-x.Pail R., Bruinsma S., Migliaccio F., Förste Ch., Goiginger H., Schuh W.D., Höck E., Reguzzoni M. et al., 2011. First GOCE Gravity Field Models Derived by Three Different Approaches. Journal of Geodesy 85 (11), 819–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0467-x.Pavlenkova G.A., Priestley K., Cipar J., 2002. 2D Model of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle Along Rift Profile, Siberian Craton. Tectonophysics 355 (1–4), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00140-3.Pavlenkova G.A., Priestley K., Cipar J., 2002. 2D Model of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle Along Rift Profile, Siberian Craton. Tectonophysics 355 (1–4), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00140-3.Pavlenkova N.I., Kashubin S.N., Pavlenkova G.A., 2016. The Earth’s Crust of the Deep Platform Basins in the Northern Eurasia and Their Origin. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 52 (5), 770–784. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351316050128.Pavlenkova N.I., Kashubin S.N., Pavlenkova G.A., 2016. The Earth’s Crust of the Deep Platform Basins in the Northern Eurasia and Their Origin. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 52 (5), 770–784. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351316050128.Petit C., Burov E.B., Déverchère J., 1997. On the Structure and Mechanical Behavior of the Extending Lithosphere in the Baikal Rift from Gravity Modelling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 149 (1–4), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00067-8.Petit C., Burov E.B., Déverchère J., 1997. On the Structure and Mechanical Behavior of the Extending Lithosphere in the Baikal Rift from Gravity Modelling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 149 (1–4), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00067-8.Petit C., Déverchère J., 2006. Structure and Evolution of the Baikal Rift: A Synthesis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (11), Q11016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001265.Petit C., Déverchère J., 2006. Structure and Evolution of the Baikal Rift: A Synthesis. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7 (11), Q11016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001265.Недра Байкала по сейсмическим данным / Ред. Н.Н. Пузырев. Новосибирск: Наука, 1981. 105 с.Puzyrev N.N. (Ed.), 1981. Baikal Interior from Seismic Data. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 105 p. (in Russian)Rasskasov S.V., Luhr J.F., Bowring S.A., Ivanov A.V., Brandt I.S., Brandt S.B., Demonterova E.I., Boven A.A., Kunk M., Housh T., Dungan M.A., 2002. Late Cenozoic Volcanism in the Baikal Rift System: Evidence for Formation of the Baikal and Khubsugul Basins Due to Thermal Impacts on the Lithosphere and Collision-Derived Tectonic Stress. In: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Speciation in Ancient Lakes (Irkutsk, September 2–7, 2002). Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, Berlin, p. 33–48.Rasskasov S.V., Luhr J.F., Bowring S.A., Ivanov A.V., Brandt I.S., Brandt S.B., Demonterova E.I., Boven A.A., Kunk M., Housh T., Dungan M.A., 2002. Late Cenozoic Volcanism in the Baikal Rift System: Evidence for Formation of the Baikal and Khubsugul Basins Due to Thermal Impacts on the Lithosphere and Collision-Derived Tectonic Stress. In: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Speciation in Ancient Lakes (Irkutsk, September 2–7, 2002). Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, Berlin, p. 33–48.Reguzzoni M., Sampietro D., 2015. GEMMA: An Earth Crustal Model Based on GOCE Satellite Data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 35, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.04.002.Reguzzoni M., Sampietro D., 2015. GEMMA: An Earth Crustal Model Based on GOCE Satellite Data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 35, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.04.002.Reguzzoni M., Sampietro D., Sansò F., 2013. Global Moho from the Combination of the CRUST2.0 Model and GOCE Data. Geophysical Journal International 195 (1), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt247.Reguzzoni M., Sampietro D., Sansò F., 2013. Global Moho from the Combination of the CRUST2.0 Model and GOCE Data. Geophysical Journal International 195 (1), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt247.Sampietro D., 2016. Crustal Modelling and Moho Estimation with GOCE Gravity Data. In: D. Fernández-Prieto, R. Sabia (Eds), Remote Sensing Advances for Earth System Science. Springer, Cham, p. 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16952-1_8.Sampietro D., 2016. Crustal Modelling and Moho Estimation with GOCE Gravity Data. In: D. Fernández-Prieto, R. Sabia (Eds), Remote Sensing Advances for Earth System Science. Springer, Cham, p. 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16952-1_8.Sankov V.A., Lukhnev A.V., Miroshnichenko A.I., Ashurkov S.V., Byzov L.M., Dembelov M.G., Calais E., Deverchère J., 2009. Extension in the Baikal Rift: Present-day Kinematics of Passive Rifting. Doklady Earth Sciences 425 (1), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09020056.Sankov V.A., Lukhnev A.V., Miroshnichenko A.I., Ashurkov S.V., Byzov L.M., Dembelov M.G., Calais E., Deverchère J., 2009. Extension in the Baikal Rift: Present-day Kinematics of Passive Rifting. Doklady Earth Sciences 425 (1), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09020056.Sankov V.A., Lukhnev A.V., Miroshnitchenko A.I., Dobrynina A.A., Ashurkov S.V., Byzov L.M., Dembelov M.G., Calais E., Déverchère J., 2014. Contemporary Horizontal Movements and Seismicity of the South Baikal Basin (Baikal Rift System). Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 50, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106935131406007X.Sankov V.A., Lukhnev A.V., Miroshnitchenko A.I., Dobrynina A.A., Ashurkov S.V., Byzov L.M., Dembelov M.G., Calais E., Déverchère J., 2014. Contemporary Horizontal Movements and Seismicity of the South Baikal Basin (Baikal Rift System). Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 50, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1134/S106935131406007X.Shako R., Förste C., Abrikosov O., Bruinsma S., Marty J., Lemoine J., Flechtner F., Neumayer H., Dahle C., 2014. EIGEN-6C: A High-Resolution Global Gravity Combination Model Including GOCE Data. In: F. Flechtner, N. Sneeuw, W.D. Schuh (Eds), Observation of the System Earth from Space – CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and Future Missions. Springer, Berlin, p. 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32135-1_20.Shako R., Förste C., Abrikosov O., Bruinsma S., Marty J., Lemoine J., Flechtner F., Neumayer H., Dahle C., 2014. EIGEN-6C: A High-Resolution Global Gravity Combination Model Including GOCE Data. In: F. Flechtner, N. Sneeuw, W.D. Schuh (Eds), Observation of the System Earth from Space – CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and Future Missions. Springer, Berlin, p. 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32135-1_20.Скляров Е.В., Беличенко В.Г., Васильев Е.П. Палеогеодинамика Центрально-Азиатского складчатого пояса и зон его сочленения с Сибирским кратоном // Литосфера Центральной Азии. Новосибирск: Наука, 1996. С. 16–26.Sklyarov E.V., Belichenko V.G., Vasilyev E.P., 1996. Paleogeodynamics of the Central Asian Foldbelt and Its Conjunction Zones with the Siberian Craton. In: Lithosphere of Central Asia. Nauka, Novosibirsk, p. 16–26 (in Russian)Solovyev V.M., Seleznev V.S., Salnikov A.S., Chechelnitsky V.V., Gileva N.A., Liseikin A.V., Bryksin A.A., Galyova N.A., 2023. The Velocity Structure at Depth and Seismicity in the Transbaikalia Region (Along the 1-SB Geological-Geophysical Reference Traverse). Journal of Volcanology and Seismology 17 (2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0742046323700082.Solovyev V.M., Seleznev V.S., Salnikov A.S., Chechelnitsky V.V., Gileva N.A., Liseikin A.V., Bryksin A.A., Galyova N.A., 2023. The Velocity Structure at Depth and Seismicity in the Transbaikalia Region (Along the 1-SB Geological-Geophysical Reference Traverse). Journal of Volcanology and Seismology 17 (2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0742046323700082.Suvorov V.D., Mishenkina Z.M., Petrick G.V., Sheludko I.F., Seleznev V.S., Solovyov V.M., 2002. Structure of the Crust in the Baikal Rift Zone and Adjacent Areas from Deep Seismic Sounding Data. Tectonophysics 351 (1–2), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00125-7.Suvorov V.D., Mishenkina Z.M., Petrick G.V., Sheludko I.F., Seleznev V.S., Solovyov V.M., 2002. Structure of the Crust in the Baikal Rift Zone and Adjacent Areas from Deep Seismic Sounding Data. Tectonophysics 351 (1–2), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00125-7.Tapponnier P., Molnar P., 1979. Active Faulting and Cenozoic Tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal Regions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 84 (B7), 3425–3459. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB07p03425.Tapponnier P., Molnar P., 1979. Active Faulting and Cenozoic Tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal Regions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 84 (B7), 3425–3459. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB07p03425.Тимофеев В.Ю., Ардюков Д.Г., Голдобин Д.Н., Тимофеев А.В., Носов Д.А., Сизиков И.С., Калиш Е.Н., Стусь Ю.Ф. Глубинное строение Горного Алтая и современные модели гравитационного поля // Геодинамика и тектонофизика. 2023. Т. 14. № 1. 0681. https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2023-14-1-0681.Timofeev V.Yu., Ardyukov D.G., Goldobin D.N., Timofeev A.V., Nosov D.A., Sizikov I.S., Kalish E.N., Stus Yu.F., 2023. Deep Structure of the Altai Mountains and Modern Gravity Field Models. Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 14 (1), 0681 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2023-14-1-0681.Timofeev V.Yu., Timofeev A.V., Ardyukov D.G., Goldobin D.N., Nosov D.A., Sizikov I.S., 2025. Gravity Field Models and the Deep Structure of the Altai-Sayan Region and Northwestern Mongolia. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 60 (6), 1201–1214. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351324701052.Timofeev V.Yu., Timofeev A.V., Ardyukov D.G., Goldobin D.N., Nosov D.A., Sizikov I.S., 2025. Gravity Field Models and the Deep Structure of the Altai-Sayan Region and Northwestern Mongolia. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 60 (6), 1201–1214. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351324701052.Zingerle P., Pail R., Gruber T., 2020. The Combined Global Gravity Field Model XGM2019e. Journal of Geodesy 94 (7), 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01398-0.Zingerle P., Pail R., Gruber T., 2020. The Combined Global Gravity Field Model XGM2019e. Journal of Geodesy 94 (7), 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01398-0.Zonenshain L.P., Savostin L.A., 1981. Geodynamics of the Baikal Rift Zone and Plate Tectonics of Asia. Tectonophysics 76 (1–2), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90251-1.Zonenshain L.P., Savostin L.A., 1981. Geodynamics of the Baikal Rift Zone and Plate Tectonics of Asia. Tectonophysics 76 (1–2), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90251-1.Zorin Yu.A., 1999. Geodynamics of the Western Part of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Collisional Belt, Trans-Baikal Region (Russia) and Mongolia. Tectonophysics 306 (1), 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00042-6.Zorin Yu.A., 1999. Geodynamics of the Western Part of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Collisional Belt, Trans-Baikal Region (Russia) and Mongolia. Tectonophysics 306 (1), 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00042-6.Зорин Ю.А., Новоселова М.Р., Рогожина В.А. Глубинная структура территории МНР. Новосибирск: Наука, 1982. 93 с.Zorin Yu.A., Novoselova M.R., Rogozhina V.A., 1982. Deep Structure of the MPR Territory. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 93 p. (in Russian)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.