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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gtcrust</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геодинамика и тектонофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geodynamics &amp; Tectonophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2078-502X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5800/GT-2014-5-4-0160</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gtcrust-21</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕКТОНОФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECTONOPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕДЛЕННЫЕ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЯ ПО РАЗЛОМАМ: ПАРАМЕТРЫ, УСЛОВИЯ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>SLOW SLIP EVENTS: PARAMETERS, CONDITIONS OF OCCURRENCE, AND FUTURE RESEARCH PROSPECTS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочарян</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kocharyan</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. физ.-мат. наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией Институт динамики геосфер РАН 119334, Москва, Ленинский проспект, 38, корп. 1, Россия Тел.: (495) 939-75-27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Professor, Head of Laboratory Institute of Geosphere Dynamics RAS Building 1, 38 Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia Tel.: (495)9397527</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gevorgk@idg.chph.ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кишкина</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kishkina</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, в.н.с. Институт динамики геосфер РАН 119334, Москва, Ленинский проспект, 38, корп. 1, Россия Тел.: (495)9397573</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physics and Mathematics, Lead Researcher Institute of Geosphere Dynamics RAS Building 1, 38 Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia Tel.: (495)9397573</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svetlank@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., зав. лабораторией Объединенный институт высоких температур РАН 125412, Москва, ул. Ижорская, 19, стр. 2, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Head of Laboratory Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS Building 2, 19 Izhorskaya street. Moscow 125412, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novikov@ihed.ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остапчук</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostapchuk</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник Институт динамики геосфер РАН 119334, Москва, Ленинский проспект, 38, корп. 1, Россия Тел.: (495)9397511</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher Institute of Geosphere Dynamics RAS Building 1, 38 Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia Tel.: (495)9397511</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ostapchuk@idg.chph.ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт динамики геосфер РАН, Москва, Россия &#13;
Московский физико-технический институт, Москва, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geosphere Dynamics RAS, Moscow, Russia &#13;
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт динамики геосфер РАН, Москва, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geosphere Dynamics RAS, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Объединенный институт высоких температур РАН, Москва, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>863</fpage><lpage>891</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кочарян Г.Г., Кишкина С.Б., Новиков В.А., Остапчук А.А., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кочарян Г.Г., Кишкина С.Б., Новиков В.А., Остапчук А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kocharyan G.G., Kishkina S.B., Novikov V.A., Ostapchuk A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/21">https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/21</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются явления медленного скольжения по разломам и трещинам. Эти режимы межблоковых перемещений, которые регистрируются на разном масштабном уровне, можно считать переходными от квазистатического стабильного скольжения (крипа) к динамическому срыву (землетрясению). К ним относятся сейсмогенные явления скольжения по разломам со скоростями на 1–3 порядка ниже, чем при «нормальных» землетрясениях, а также эпизоды асейсмического скольжения. Открытие этих явлений в значительной степени изменяет понимание того, как реализуется энергия, накопленная в процессе деформирования земной коры.</p><p>Изучение условий возникновения и эволюции переходных режимов может дать новую важную информацию о структуре и закономерностях деформирования разломных зон.</p><p>В работе выполнен анализ данных, приведенных в работах различных авторов за последние годы. Рассмотрено свыше 170 явлений медленного скольжения. Их обобщение и результаты собственных модельных экспериментов позволили авторам установить связь между некоторыми параметрами процесса, рассмотреть масштабные соотношения событий, проанализировать в первом приближении влияние характеристик геоматериала на реализацию того или иного режима деформирования.</p><p>Очаги низкочастотных землетрясений и участки медленного скольжения чаще всего локализуются в зонах, переходных между участками стабильного крипа и сейсмогенными частями границы раздела (рис. 3). Естественно предположить, что в этих переходных зонах интерфейс обладает особыми фрикционными свойствами, позволяющими реализовать режим, который можно назвать условно-стабильным скольжением.</p><p>Длительность медленных деформационных событий примерно пропорциональна реализованному сейсмическому моменту, в то время как для «нормальных» землетрясений наблюдается соотношение, близкое к закону самоподобия (рис. 4). Площадь сдвигаемой области при явлениях медленного скольжения обычно многократно превышает соответствующую величину для землетрясения с тем же сейсмическим моментом, а средняя амплитуда смещения по разрыву оказывается значительно ниже (рис. 5, рис. 6). Скорость распространения подвижки в направлении простирания разлома изменяется от нескольких сотен метров до 20–30 км/сут. При этом наблюдается тенденция снижения этой величины с масштабом (рис. 7).</p><p>В проведенных лабораторных экспериментах разные режимы скольжения были реализованы на установке типа «слайдер»-модели. В опытах на качественном уровне удалось воспроизвести основные особенности, характерные для медленных перемещений по разломам. Возможность реализации того или иного режима деформирования определялась, прежде всего, структурными свойствами материала-заполнителя. При близких значениях кулоновской прочности небольшие вариации структурных характеристик (гранулометрический состав, форма зерен, наличие флюида и его вязкость) могут радикально сказываться на режиме деформирования (рис. 12).</p><p>Сведения, собранные и проанализированные в настоящей статье, позволяют заключить, что условно-стабильные режимы деформирования границ раздела в земной коре – распространенное явление. Исследования переходных деформационных режимов перспективны для установления закономерностей зарождения и эволюции динамических событий – землетрясений, горно-тектонических ударов, склоновых явлений.</p><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Slow slip events along faults and fractures are reviewed. Such inter-block displacements can be recorded at various scale levels and considered as transitional from quasi-stable (creep) to dynamic slip (earthquake). Such events include seismogenic slip along faults at velocities by one to three orders lower than those in case of 'normal' earthquakes, as well as aseismic slip cases. Discovering such events facilitates better understanding of how energy accumulated during deformation of the crust is released.</p><p>Studying conditions and the evolution of transitional regimes can provide new important information on the structure and regularities of deformation in fault zones.</p><p>Data from latest publications by different authors are consolidated, and the data analysis results are presented. Over 170 slow slip events are reviewed. Based on the consolidated data and modelling results obtained by the authors, relationships between parameters of the reviewed process are established, scale relations between the events are considered, and a first-approximation analysis is conducted for impacts of geomaterial characteristics on various deformation regimes.</p><p>Low-frequency earthquake foci and slow slip sites are most typically located in zones of transition from stable creep areas to seismogenic segments of the discontinuity (Fig. 3) It can be logically supposed that in such transitional zones, the interface has specific frictional properties providing for a regime that can be termed as 'conditionally stable slip'.</p><p>The duration of slow deformation events is roughly proportional to the released seismic moment, while such a ratio is close to self-similarity in case of 'normal' earthquakes (Fig. 4). In case of slow slip, an area of the displaced section is larger by many factors than the corresponding value for an earthquake with the same seismic moment, while an average displacement amplitude along the fault is significantly smaller (Figures 5 and 6). Velocities of slip propagation along the fault strike are variable from a few hundred metres to 20–30 km/day. Slip velocities tend to decrease with scale (Fig. 7).</p><p>Various slip modes were realized in laboratory experiments with slider model. Main specific features of slow slip along faults were simulated in the laboratory conditions. Possibilities for implementation of different deformation regimes were mainly determined by structure of simulated fault gouge. At equal Coulombic strength, small variations of structural characteristics, such as granulometric composition, grain shape, presence of fluid and its viscosity, may critically impact the deformation mode (Fig. 12).</p><p>As evidenced by the data consolidated and analysed in this article, conditionally stable regimes of deformation of crustal discontinuities are a common phenomenon. Studies of such transitional deformation regimes seem promising for establishment of regularities in generation and evolution of dynamic events, such earthquakes, tectonic rock bursts, and slope events.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>разлом</kwd><kwd>землетрясение</kwd><kwd>горно-тектоничекий удар</kwd><kwd>постсейсмические деформации</kwd><kwd>медленное скольжение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fault</kwd><kwd>earthquake</kwd><kwd>tectonic rock bursts</kwd><kwd>post-seismic deformation</kwd><kwd>slow slip</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beavan J., Wallace L., Douglas A., Fletcher H., Townend J., 2007. Slow slip events on the Hikurangi subduction interface, New Zealand. In: P. Tregoning, C. 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