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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gtcrust</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геодинамика и тектонофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geodynamics &amp; Tectonophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2078-502X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5800/GT-2013-4-1-0090</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gtcrust-17</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕКТОНОФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECTONOPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МОДЕЛЬ ГЕОСРЕДЫ С ДЕФЕКТАМИ: КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НЕСПЛОШНОСТЕЙ ПРИ ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫХ ОЧАГОВ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MODEL OF GEOMEDIA CONTAINING DEFECTS: COLLECTIVE EFFECTS OF DEFECTS EVOLUTION DURING FORMATION OF POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE FOCI</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеев</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleev</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.мат. наук, м.н.с.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physics and Mathematics, Junior Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pia@icmm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плехов</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plekhov</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. физ.мат. наук, с.н.с.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Senior Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">poa@icmm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наймарк</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naimark</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. физ.мат. наук, заведующий лабораторией</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Head of Laboratory</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">naimark@icmm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт механики сплошных сред УрО РАН, Пермь, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of RAS, Perm, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пантелеев И.А., Плехов О.А., Наймарк О.Б., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пантелеев И.А., Плехов О.А., Наймарк О.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Panteleev I.A., Plekhov O.A., Naimark O.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/17">https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/17</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе описана статистико-термодинамическая эволюция ансамбля дефектов в геосреде в поле внешнего приложенного напряжения. Авторами вводятся тензорные  структурные переменные, ассоциированные с двумя характерными типами дефектов: трещинами и локализованными сдвигами (рис. 1). Процедура осреднения структурных переменных по статистическому ансамблю дефектов позволила получить уравнение самосогласования, определяющее зависимость макроскопического тензора деформации, индуцированной дефектами, от величины внешних напряжений, исходной структуры и взаимодействия дефектов, которое в безразмерном случае содержит только один параметр – параметр структурного скейлинга. Параметр структурного скейлинга определяется отношением характерных структурных масштабов: размером дефектов и средним расстоянием между дефектами.</p><p>В результате решения уравнения самосогласования получено три характерных реакции геосреды с дефектами на рост внешнего напряжения (рис. 2), которые определяются величиной параметра структурного скейлинга. Формулировка неравновесной свободной энергии для среды с дефектами в форме, аналогичной разложению Гинзбурга-Ландау, позволила записать эволюционные уравнения для введенных параметров порядка (деформации, обусловленной дефектами, и параметра структурного скейлинга) и исследовать их собственные  решения (рис. 3).</p><p>Показано, что первая реакция соответствует устойчивому квазипластическому деформированию среды, локализованному в регулярно расположенных пространственных областях, характеризующихся отсутствием коллективных ориентационных эффектов. Уменьшение параметра структурного скейлинга приводит ко второй реакции, которая характеризуется появлением области метастабильности в поведении среды с дефектами, когда при некотором критическом напряжении происходит ориентационный переход в ансамбле взаимодействующих дефектов, сопровождающийся резким скачком деформации (рис. 2). При этом на масштабе наблюдения (осреднения) этот переход проявляется в виде локализованной катакластической деформации (множества слабых землетрясений), мигрирующей по пространству со скоростью, на порядки меньшей скорости звука – «медленной» деформационной волны (рис. 3). Дальнейшее уменьшение параметра структурного скейлинга приводит к вырождению ориентационной метастабильности и формированию в среде локализованных диссипативных дефектных структур, которые при достижении критического напряжения развиваются в режиме с обострением – режиме лавинно-неустойчивого роста дефектов в локализованной пространственной области, уменьшающейся с течением времени. На масштабе наблюдения этот процесс проявляется в виде хрупкого разрушения с формированием зоны разрушения, соизмеримой с самим масштабом наблюдения, и соответствует появлению сильного землетрясения.</p><p>Таким образом, построенная модель поведения геосреды с дефектами в поле внешних напряжений позволяет описать основные способы релаксации напряжений массивами горных пород: хрупкое крупномасштабное разрушение и катакластическое деформирование, которые являются следствиями коллективного поведения дефектов, определяемого величиной параметра структурного скейлинга.</p><p>Полученные результаты могут быть полезны для оценки критических напряжений и состояний геосреды в сейсмоактивных районах, а также могут рассматриваться как модельные представления физической гипотезы о единстве природы развития несплошностей (дефектов) на широком спектре пространственных масштабов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper describes the statistical thermo-dynamical evolution of an ensemble of defects in the geomedium in the field of externally applied stresses. The authors introduce ‘tensor structural’ variables associated with two specific types of defects, fractures and localized shear faults (Fig. 1). Based on the procedure for averaging of the structural variables by statistical ensembles of defects, a self-consistency equation is developed; it determines the dependence of the macroscopic tensor of defects-induced strain on values of external stresses, the original pattern and interaction of defects. In the dimensionless case, the equation contains only the parameter of structural scaling, i.e. the ratio of specific structural scales, including the size of defects and an average distance between the defects.</p><p>The self-consistency equation yields three typical responds of the geomedium containing defects to the increasing external stress (Fig. 2). The responses are determined from values of the structural scaling parameter. The concept of non-equilibrium free energy for a medium containing defects, given similar to the Ginzburg-Landau decomposition, allowed to construct evolutionary equations for the introduced parameters of order (deformation due to defects, and the structural scaling parameter) and to explore their solutions (Fig. 3).</p><p>It is shown that the first response corresponds to stable quasi-plastic deformation of the geomedium, which occurs in regularly located areas characterized by the absence of collective orientation effects. Reducing the structural scaling parameter leads to the second response characterized by the occurrence of an area of meta-stability in the behavior of the medium containing defects, when, at a certain critical stress, the orientation transition takes place in the ensemble of interacting defects, which is accompanied by an abrupt increase of deformation (Fig. 2). Under the given observation/averaging scale, this transition is manifested by localized cataclastic deformation (i.e. a set of weak earthquakes), which migrates in space at a velocity several orders of magnitude lower than the speed of sound, as a ‘slow’ deformation wave (Fig. 3). Further reduction of the structural scaling parameter leads to degeneracy of the orientation meta-stability and formation of localized dissipative defect structures in the medium. Once the critical stress is reached, such structures develop in the blow-up regime, i.e. the mode of avalanche-unstable growth of defects in the localized area that is shrinking eventually. At the scale of observation, this process is manifested as brittle fracturing that causes formation of a deformation zone, which size is proportional to the scale of observation, and corresponds to occurrence of a strong earthquake.</p><p>On the basis of the proposed model showing the behavior of the geomedium containing defects in the field of external stresses, it is possible to describe main ways of stress relaxation in the rock massives – brittle large-scale destruction and cataclastic deformation as consequences of the collective behavior of defects, which is determined by the structural scaling parameter.</p><p>Results of this study may prove useful for estimation of critical stresses and assessment of the geomedium status in seismically active regions and be viewed as model representations of the physical hypothesis about the uniform nature of deve­lopment of discontinuities/defects in a wide range of spatial scales.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дефекты геосреды</kwd><kwd>очаг землетрясения</kwd><kwd>релаксация напряжений</kwd><kwd>коллективные эффекты</kwd><kwd>область метастабильности</kwd><kwd>режим с обострением</kwd><kwd>деформационные волны</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>geomedia defects</kwd><kwd>earthquake focus</kwd><kwd>stress relaxation</kwd><kwd>collective effects</kwd><kwd>metastability region</kwd><kwd>blow-up regime</kwd><kwd>deformation waves</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barenblatt G.I., Botvina L.R., 1982. 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