<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gtcrust</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геодинамика и тектонофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geodynamics &amp; Tectonophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2078-502X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5800/GT-2022-13-3-0646</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gtcrust-1540</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕКТОНОФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECTONOPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗНАКИ, ВЫЯВЛЕННЫЕ ПО ДАННЫМ ПОЛЕВЫХ НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ И ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ЗОНДИРОВАНИЯ В РАЙОНЕ УМ ТАГИР, ВОСТОЧНАЯ ПУСТЫНЯ, ЕГИПЕТ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>GEOLOGICAL FEATURES IDENTIFIED FROM FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING DATA ON THE UM TAGHIR AREA, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авад</surname><given-names>Х. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Awad</surname><given-names>H. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>344103, Ростов-на-­Дону, ул. Зорге, 40, Россия </p><p> 71524, Асьют, Египет </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>40 Zorge St, Rostov-on-Don 344103, Russia</p><p>Assuit 71524, Egypt </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hamdiawaad@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эль-Лейл</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>El-Leil</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каир, Египет </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cairo, Egypt </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камель</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamel</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 71524, Асьют, Египет </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assuit 71524, Egypt </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толба</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolba</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 71524, Асьют, Египет </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assuit 71524, Egypt </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наставкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nastavkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>344103, Ростов-на-­Дону, ул. Зорге, 40, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>40 Zorge St, Rostov-on-Don 344103, Russia </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эль Вардани</surname><given-names>Р. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>El-Wardany</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 71524, Асьют, Египет </p><p>710064, Сиан, Китай</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assuit 71524, Egypt</p><p>Xi’an 710064, China </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южный федеральный университет;&#13;
Университет аль-­Азхар, Асьютский филиал</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University;&#13;
Assuit Branch of the Al-Azhar University</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет аль-­Азхар</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Al-Azhar University</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет аль­-Азхар, Асьютский филиал</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Assuit Branch of the Al-Azhar University</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет аль-Азхар, Асьютский филиал</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Assuit Branch of the Al-Azhar University</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южный федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет аль-Азхар, Асьютский филиал;&#13;
Школа наук о Земле и природных ресурсах Чанъаньского университета</institution><country>Египет</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Assuit Branch of the Al-Azhar University;&#13;
School of Earth Science and Resources of the Chang’an University</institution><country>Egypt</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>646</fpage><lpage>646</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авад Х.А., Эль-Лейл И.А., Камель М., Толба А., Наставкин А.В., Эль Вардани Р.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авад Х.А., Эль-Лейл И.А., Камель М., Толба А., Наставкин А.В., Эль Вардани Р.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Awad H.A., El-Leil I.A., Kamel M., Tolba A., Nastavkin A.V., El-Wardany R.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/1540">https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/1540</self-uri><abstract><p>Темой исследования является интеграция данных полевых наблюдений и дистанционного зондирования с целью обнаружения и извлечения геолого-структурных признаков с помощью спутниковых снимков Sentinel-2A и цифровой модели рельефа ASTER DEM. Исследуемый район представляет собой неопротерозойскую восточно-африканскую орогению, охватывающую часть Нубийско-Аравийского щита. Изучаемые толщи пород относятся к позднему криогению – эдиакарию и образуют два террейна (континентальный дуговой террейн и океанический дуговой террейн). Океанический террейн сложен метагаббро и метавулканокластическими породами, а габбро, тоналиты, гранодиориты, доханские вулканиты, монцониты и щелочные полевошпатовые граниты слагают континентальный дуговой террейн. Данные со спутника Sentinel-2A, а также данные ASTER DEM используются для геологической интерпретации. Линеаментный анализ является одним из наиболее полезных инструментов геологического картирования и разведки полезных ископаемых. В рамках исследования были использованы методы для обработки данных Sentinel-2A и ASTER DEM, извлечения литологической информации из снимков и проведения линеаментного анализа снимков. Это различные методы увеличения изображения (FCC, MNF и PCA) и применения направленных фильтров (Sobel). Результаты исследования указывают на то, что в данной области имели место напряжения различной направленности (ЗСЗ – ВЮВ, СЗ-ЮВ, СВ-ЮЗ, С-Ю, ССВ – ЮЮЗ и В-З). Образовалось несколько крупных сопутствующих структур и произошло несколько событий в процессе минерализации, таких как мигматизация (в гранодиоритах) и минерализация по простиранию (в габбро), обусловленных главными элементами научно обоснованного структурного контроля территории и близостью нахождения минерализованной зоны сдвига Кена-Сафага.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The current study presents the integration between field observations and remotely sensed data for detection and extraction of geological structural features using Sentinel-2A and Aster DEM images. The area under investigation is represented by the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny encompassing a part of the Arabian Nubian Shield. All the rock units studied belong to the Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran periods that are divided into two large terrains (continental arc terrain and oceanic arc terrain). The metagabbro and metavolcaniclastic rocks make up the oceanic terrain, while the gabbro, tonalite, granodiorite, dokhan volcanic, monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite comprise continental arc terrain. The Sentinel-2A remote sensing and ASTER DEM data have meaningful application in respect of geological interpretation. Lineament analysis is one of the most useful tools in geological mapping and mineral exploration. Several methods of processing and extracting lithological information and lineaments were applied to the Sentinel-2A and ASTER DEM data covering the present study. The methods include various image enhancements (FCC, MNF and PCA) and the application of directional filters (Sobel). The study results show that the area was subjected to stresses of various directions (WNW – ESE, NW-SE, NE-SW, N-S, NNE – SSW, and E-W). There occurred some important structure-related and mineralization events like migmatization (in granodiorites) and bearing mineralization (in gabbro), which are associated with major elements of evidence-based structural control of the area and with the proximity of the Quena Safaga shear zone-related mineralization.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ASTER DEM</kwd><kwd>извлечение линеаментов</kwd><kwd>Sentinel­2A</kwd><kwd>Ум Тагир</kwd><kwd>Египет</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ASTER DEM</kwd><kwd>lineaments extraction</kwd><kwd>Sentinel-2A</kwd><kwd>Um Taghir</kwd><kwd>Egypt</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Программы сотрудничества между Египтом и Российской Федерацией.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The researcher (H.A.M. Awad) is funded by a scholarship under the Joint Executive Program between Egypt and Russian Federation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J., 1996. Sutures and Shear Zones in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences 23 (3), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00003-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J., 1996. Sutures and Shear Zones in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences 23 (3), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00003-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdullah A., Nassr S., Ghaleeb A., 2013. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Fault Segments Mapping a Study from Taiz Area, Yemen. Journal of Geological Research 2013, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/201757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdullah A., Nassr S., Ghaleeb A., 2013. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Fault Segments Mapping a Study from Taiz Area, Yemen. Journal of Geological Research 2013, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/201757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abuelnaga H.S., Aboulela H., El-Sawy E.K., El Qassas R.A.Y., 2019. Detection of Structural Setting that Controlling Hammam Faroun Area, Using Aeromagnetic and Seismicity Data, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 158, 103560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abuelnaga H.S., Aboulela H., El-Sawy E.K., El Qassas R.A.Y., 2019. Detection of Structural Setting that Controlling Hammam Faroun Area, Using Aeromagnetic and Seismicity Data, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 158, 103560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adiri Z., El Harti A., Jellouli A., Lhissou R., Maacha L., Azmi M., Zouhair M., Bachaoui E.M., 2017. Comparison of Landsat-8, ASTER and Sentinel 1 Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Automatic Lineaments Extraction: A Case Study of Sidi Flah-Bouskour Inlier, Moroccan Anti Atlas. Advances in Space Research 60 (11), 2355–2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adiri Z., El Harti A., Jellouli A., Lhissou R., Maacha L., Azmi M., Zouhair M., Bachaoui E.M., 2017. Comparison of Landsat-8, ASTER and Sentinel 1 Satellite Remote Sensing Data in Automatic Lineaments Extraction: A Case Study of Sidi Flah-Bouskour Inlier, Moroccan Anti Atlas. Advances in Space Research 60 (11), 2355–2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amer R., Kusky T., Ghulam A., 2010. Lithological Mapping in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt Using ASTER Data. Journal of African Earth Sciences 56 (2–3), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.06.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amer R., Kusky T., Ghulam A., 2010. Lithological Mapping in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt Using ASTER Data. Journal of African Earth Sciences 56 (2–3), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.06.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awad H.A., El-Leil I.A., Nastavkin A.V., Tolba A., Kamel M., El-Wardany R.M., Rabie A., Ene A., Tekin H.O., Issa Sh.A.M., Zakaly H.M.H., 2022. Statistical Analysis on the Radiological Assessment and Geochemical Studies of Granite Rocks in the North of Um Taghir Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Open Chemistry 20 (1), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awad H.A., El-Leil I.A., Nastavkin A.V., Tolba A., Kamel M., El-Wardany R.M., Rabie A., Ene A., Tekin H.O., Issa Sh.A.M., Zakaly H.M.H., 2022. Statistical Analysis on the Radiological Assessment and Geochemical Studies of Granite Rocks in the North of Um Taghir Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Open Chemistry 20 (1), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boardman J.W., Kruse F.A., Green R.O., 1995. Mapping Target Signatures via Partial Unmixing of AVIRIS Data. In: Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop (January 23–26, 1995, Pasadena). Vol. 1. JPL Publication, p. 23–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boardman J.W., Kruse F.A., Green R.O., 1995. Mapping Target Signatures via Partial Unmixing of AVIRIS Data. In: Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop (January 23–26, 1995, Pasadena). Vol. 1. JPL Publication, p. 23–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulos F.K., Morgan P., Toppozada T.R., 1987. Microearthquake Studies in Egypt Carried Out by the Geological Survey of Egypt. Journal of Geodynamics 7 (3–4), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(87)90008-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulos F.K., Morgan P., Toppozada T.R., 1987. Microearthquake Studies in Egypt Carried Out by the Geological Survey of Egypt. Journal of Geodynamics 7 (3–4), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(87)90008-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casas A.M., Cortes A.L., Maestro A., Soriano M.A., Riaguas A., Bernal J., 2000. LINDENS: A Program for Lineament Length and Density Analysis. Computers &amp; Geosciences 26 (9–10), 1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00017-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casas A.M., Cortes A.L., Maestro A., Soriano M.A., Riaguas A., Bernal J., 2000. LINDENS: A Program for Lineament Length and Density Analysis. Computers &amp; Geosciences 26 (9–10), 1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00017-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins A.S., Pisarevsky S.A., 2005. Amalgamating Eastern Gondwana: The Evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens. Earth-Science Reviews 71 (3–4), 229–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins A.S., Pisarevsky S.A., 2005. Amalgamating Eastern Gondwana: The Evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens. Earth-Science Reviews 71 (3–4), 229–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colwell R.N., Estes J.E., Thorley G.A., 1983. Manual of Remote Sensing. Vol. 2: Interpretation and Applications. American Society of Photogrammetry, USA, 2440 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colwell R.N., Estes J.E., Thorley G.A., 1983. Manual of Remote Sensing. Vol. 2: Interpretation and Applications. American Society of Photogrammetry, USA, 2440 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dos Reis Salles R., de Souza Filho C.R., Cudahy T., Vicente L.E., Monteiro L.V.S., 2017. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Applied to Uranium Exploration: A Case Study at the Mary Kathleen Metamorphic-Hydrothermal U-REE Deposit, NW, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 179, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.07.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dos Reis Salles R., de Souza Filho C.R., Cudahy T., Vicente L.E., Monteiro L.V.S., 2017. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Applied to Uranium Exploration: A Case Study at the Mary Kathleen Metamorphic-Hydrothermal U-REE Deposit, NW, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 179, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.07.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drury S.A., 1987. Image Interpretation in Geology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 66–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drury S.A., 1987. Image Interpretation in Geology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 66–148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eldosouky A.M., 2019. Aeromagnetic Data for Mapping Geologic Contacts at Samr El-Qaa Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12, 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4182-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eldosouky A.M., 2019. Aeromagnetic Data for Mapping Geologic Contacts at Samr El-Qaa Area, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12, 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4182-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eldosouky A.M., Mohamed H., 2021. Edge Detection of Aeromagnetic Data as Effective Tools for Structural Imaging at Shilman Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06251-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eldosouky A.M., Mohamed H., 2021. Edge Detection of Aeromagnetic Data as Effective Tools for Structural Imaging at Shilman Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06251-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eldosouky A.M., Saada A.S., 2020. Source Edge Detection (SED) of Aeromagnetic Data: Synthetic Examples and a Case Study from Haimur Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, 626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05653-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eldosouky A.M., Saada A.S., 2020. Source Edge Detection (SED) of Aeromagnetic Data: Synthetic Examples and a Case Study from Haimur Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, 626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05653-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Gaby S., List F.K., Tehrani R., 1988. Geology, Evolution and Metallogenesis of the Pan-African Belt in Egypt. In: S. El-Gaby, R.O. Greiling (Eds), The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas: Tectonic Evolution and Economic Aspects of a Late Proterozoic Orogen. Vieweg &amp; Sohn, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden, p. 17–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Gaby S., List F.K., Tehrani R., 1988. Geology, Evolution and Metallogenesis of the Pan-African Belt in Egypt. In: S. El-Gaby, R.O. Greiling (Eds), The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas: Tectonic Evolution and Economic Aspects of a Late Proterozoic Orogen. Vieweg &amp; Sohn, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden, p. 17–68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Kati I., Nakhcha C., El Bakhchouch O., Tabyaoui H., 2018. Application of Aster and Sentinel-2A Images for Geological Mapping in Arid Regions: The Safsafate Area in the Neogen Guercif Basin, Northern Morocco. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 7 (1), 2782–2792. DOI:10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Kati I., Nakhcha C., El Bakhchouch O., Tabyaoui H., 2018. Application of Aster and Sentinel-2A Images for Geological Mapping in Arid Regions: The Safsafate Area in the Neogen Guercif Basin, Northern Morocco. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 7 (1), 2782–2792. DOI:10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Leil I.A., Bekhit M.H., Tolba A.S., Moharem A.F., Shahin T.M., 2015. Geological, Structural and Petrotectonical Aspectable Features of Neoproterozoic Rocks, Gabal El Dob Area, Northeastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science 1 (8), 332–350.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Leil I.A., Bekhit M.H., Tolba A.S., Moharem A.F., Shahin T.M., 2015. Geological, Structural and Petrotectonical Aspectable Features of Neoproterozoic Rocks, Gabal El Dob Area, Northeastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science 1 (8), 332–350.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farahbakhsh E., Chandra R., Olierook H.K.H., Scalzo R., Clark C., Reddy S.M., Müller R.D., 2018. Computer Vision-Based Framework for Extracting Geological Lineaments from Optical Remote Sensing Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 41 (5), 1760–1787. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1674462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farahbakhsh E., Chandra R., Olierook H.K.H., Scalzo R., Clark C., Reddy S.M., Müller R.D., 2018. Computer Vision-Based Framework for Extracting Geological Lineaments from Optical Remote Sensing Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 41 (5), 1760–1787. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1674462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Javhar A., Chen X., Bao A., Jamshed A., Yunus M., Jovid A., Latipa T., 2019. Comparison of Multi-Resolution Optical Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and Radar Sentinel-1 Data for Automatic Lineament Extraction: A Case Study of Alichur Area, SE Pamir. Remote Sensing 11 (7), 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Javhar A., Chen X., Bao A., Jamshed A., Yunus M., Jovid A., Latipa T., 2019. Comparison of Multi-Resolution Optical Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and Radar Sentinel-1 Data for Automatic Lineament Extraction: A Case Study of Alichur Area, SE Pamir. Remote Sensing 11 (7), 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson P.R., Andresen A., Collins A.S., Fowler A.R., Fritz H., Ghebreab W., Kusky T., Stern R.J., 2011. Late Cryogenian – Ediacaran History of the Arabian – Nubian Shield: A Review of Depositional, Plutonic, Structural, and Tectonic Events in the Closing Stages of the Northern East African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences 61 (3), 167–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson P.R., Andresen A., Collins A.S., Fowler A.R., Fritz H., Ghebreab W., Kusky T., Stern R.J., 2011. Late Cryogenian – Ediacaran History of the Arabian – Nubian Shield: A Review of Depositional, Plutonic, Structural, and Tectonic Events in the Closing Stages of the Northern East African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences 61 (3), 167–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kocal A., Duzgun H.S., Karpuz C., 2004. Discontinuity Mapping with Automatic Lineament Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Imagery. In: Geo-Imagery Bridging Continents. Proceedings of XX International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress (July 12–23, 2004, Istanbul). Vol. XXXV. Part B7. ISPRS, p. 1073-1078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kocal A., Duzgun H.S., Karpuz C., 2004. Discontinuity Mapping with Automatic Lineament Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Imagery. In: Geo-Imagery Bridging Continents. Proceedings of XX International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress (July 12–23, 2004, Istanbul). Vol. XXXV. Part B7. ISPRS, p. 1073-1078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koike K., Nagano S., Ohmi M., 1995. Lineament Analysis of Satellite Images Using a Segment Tracing Algorithm (STA). Computers &amp; Geosciences 21 (9), 1091–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00042-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koike K., Nagano S., Ohmi M., 1995. Lineament Analysis of Satellite Images Using a Segment Tracing Algorithm (STA). Computers &amp; Geosciences 21 (9), 1091–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00042-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kröner A., Krüger J., Rashwan A.A.A., 1994. Age and Tectonic Setting of Granitoid Gneisses in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and South-West Sinai. Geologische Rundschau 83, 502–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kröner A., Krüger J., Rashwan A.A.A., 1994. Age and Tectonic Setting of Granitoid Gneisses in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and South-West Sinai. Geologische Rundschau 83, 502–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li P., Wu W., Wen Y., Zhang C., Zhang J., Zhang S., Yu Z., Yang S.A., Manchon A., Zhang X., 2018. Spin-Momentum Locking, and Spin-Orbit Torques in Magnetic Nano-Heterojunctions Composed of Weyl Semimetal WTe2. Nature Communications 9, 3990. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06518-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li P., Wu W., Wen Y., Zhang C., Zhang J., Zhang S., Yu Z., Yang S.A., Manchon A., Zhang X., 2018. Spin-Momentum Locking, and Spin-Orbit Torques in Magnetic Nano-Heterojunctions Composed of Weyl Semimetal WTe2. Nature Communications 9, 3990. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06518-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu L., Zhou J., Yin F., Feng M., Zhang B., 2014. The Reconnaissance of Mineral Resources through Aster Data-Based Image Processing, Interpreting and Ground Inspection in the Jiafushaersu Area, West Junggar, China. Journal of Earth Science 25, 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0423-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu L., Zhou J., Yin F., Feng M., Zhang B., 2014. The Reconnaissance of Mineral Resources through Aster Data-Based Image Processing, Interpreting and Ground Inspection in the Jiafushaersu Area, West Junggar, China. Journal of Earth Science 25, 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0423-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z., Han L., Du Ch., Cao H., Guo J., Wang H., 2021. Fractal and Multifractal Characteristics of Lineaments in the Qianhe Graben and Its Tectonic Significance Using Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sensing 13 (4), 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z., Han L., Du Ch., Cao H., Guo J., Wang H., 2021. Fractal and Multifractal Characteristics of Lineaments in the Qianhe Graben and Its Tectonic Significance Using Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sensing 13 (4), 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madani A.A., 2001. Selection of the Optimum Landsat Thematic Mapper Bands for Automatic Lineaments Extraction, Wadi Natash Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Proceedings of the 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (November 5–9, 2001, Singapore). Avalable from: https://a-a-r-s.org/proceeding/ACRS2001/Papers/GEO-04.pdf (Last Accessed April 21, 2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madani A.A., 2001. Selection of the Optimum Landsat Thematic Mapper Bands for Automatic Lineaments Extraction, Wadi Natash Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Proceedings of the 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (November 5–9, 2001, Singapore). Avalable from: https://a-a-r-s.org/proceeding/ACRS2001/Papers/GEO-04.pdf (Last Accessed April 21, 2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandanici E., Bitelli G., 2016. Preliminary Comparison of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Imagery for a Combined Use. Remote Sensing 8 (12), 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8121014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandanici E., Bitelli G., 2016. Preliminary Comparison of Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Imagery for a Combined Use. Remote Sensing 8 (12), 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8121014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mars J.C., Rowan L.C., 2006. Regional Mapping of Phyllic- and Argillic-Altered Rocks in the Zagros Magmatic Arc, Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Data and Logical Operator Algorithms. Geosphere 2 (3), 161–186. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00044.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mars J.C., Rowan L.C., 2006. Regional Mapping of Phyllic- and Argillic-Altered Rocks in the Zagros Magmatic Arc, Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Data and Logical Operator Algorithms. Geosphere 2 (3), 161–186. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00044.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morris K., 1991. Using Knowledge-Base Rules to Map the Three-Dimensional Nature of Geological Features. Photogrammetric Engineering &amp; Remote Sensing 57 (9), 1209–1216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morris K., 1991. Using Knowledge-Base Rules to Map the Three-Dimensional Nature of Geological Features. Photogrammetric Engineering &amp; Remote Sensing 57 (9), 1209–1216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nair A., Mathew G., 2012. Lithological Discrimination of the Phenaimata Felsic–Mafic Complex, Gujarat, India, Using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). International Journal of Remote Sensing 33 (1), 198–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.591441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nair A., Mathew G., 2012. Lithological Discrimination of the Phenaimata Felsic–Mafic Complex, Gujarat, India, Using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). International Journal of Remote Sensing 33 (1), 198–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.591441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ni C., Zhang S., Liu C., Yan Y., Li Y., 2016. Lineament Length and Density Analyses Based on the Segment Tracing Algorithm: A Case Study of the Gaosong Field in Gejiu Tin Mine, China. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 5392453. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5392453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ni C., Zhang S., Liu C., Yan Y., Li Y., 2016. Lineament Length and Density Analyses Based on the Segment Tracing Algorithm: A Case Study of the Gaosong Field in Gejiu Tin Mine, China. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 5392453. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5392453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papadaki E.S., Mertikas S.P., Sarris A., 2011. Identification of Lineaments with Possible Structural Origin Using ASTER Images and DEM Derived Products in Western Crete, Greece. EARSeL eProceedings 1 (10), 9–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papadaki E.S., Mertikas S.P., Sarris A., 2011. Identification of Lineaments with Possible Structural Origin Using ASTER Images and DEM Derived Products in Western Crete, Greece. EARSeL eProceedings 1 (10), 9–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham L.T., Eldosouky A.M., Oksum E., Saada S.A., 2020. A New High Resolution Filter for Source Edge Detection of Potential Data. Geocarto International. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2020.1849414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham L.T., Eldosouky A.M., Oksum E., Saada S.A., 2020. A New High Resolution Filter for Source Edge Detection of Potential Data. Geocarto International. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2020.1849414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham L.T., Oksum E., Vu M.D., Vo Q.T., Le-Viet K.D., Eldosouky A.M., 2021. An Improved Approach for Detecting Ridge Locations to Interpret the Potential Field Data for More Accurate Structural Mapping: A Case Study from Vredefort Dome Area (South Africa). Journal of African Earth Sciences 175, 104099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.104099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham L.T., Oksum E., Vu M.D., Vo Q.T., Le-Viet K.D., Eldosouky A.M., 2021. An Improved Approach for Detecting Ridge Locations to Interpret the Potential Field Data for More Accurate Structural Mapping: A Case Study from Vredefort Dome Area (South Africa). Journal of African Earth Sciences 175, 104099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.104099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirasteh S., Pradhan B., Safari H.O., Ramli M.F., 2013. Coupling of DEM and Remote-Sensing-Based Approaches for Semi-automated Detection of Regional Geostructural Features in Zagros Mountain, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0361-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirasteh S., Pradhan B., Safari H.O., Ramli M.F., 2013. Coupling of DEM and Remote-Sensing-Based Approaches for Semi-automated Detection of Regional Geostructural Features in Zagros Mountain, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0361-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasad A.D., Jain K., Gairola A., 2013. Mapping of Lineaments and Knowledge Base Preparation Using Geomatics Techniques for Part of the Godavari and Tapi Basins, India: A Case Study. International Journal of Computer Applications 70 (9), 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/11994-7875.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasad A.D., Jain K., Gairola A., 2013. Mapping of Lineaments and Knowledge Base Preparation Using Geomatics Techniques for Part of the Godavari and Tapi Basins, India: A Case Study. International Journal of Computer Applications 70 (9), 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/11994-7875.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramli M.F., Yusof N., Yusoff M.K., Juahir H., Shafri H.Z.M., 2010. Lineament Mapping and Its Application in Landslide Hazard Assessment: A Review. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 69, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0255-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramli M.F., Yusof N., Yusoff M.K., Juahir H., Shafri H.Z.M., 2010. Lineament Mapping and Its Application in Landslide Hazard Assessment: A Review. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 69, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0255-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sedrette S., Rebai N., 2016. Automatic Extraction of Lineaments from Landsat Etm+ Images and Their Structural Interpretation: Case Study in Nefza Region (North West of Tunisia). Journal of Research in Environmental and Earth Sciences 4, 139–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedrette S., Rebai N., 2016. Automatic Extraction of Lineaments from Landsat Etm+ Images and Their Structural Interpretation: Case Study in Nefza Region (North West of Tunisia). Journal of Research in Environmental and Earth Sciences 4, 139–145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sehsah H., Eldosouky A.M., 2020. Neoproterozoic Hybrid Forearc – MOR Ophiolite Belts in the Northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: No Evidence for Back-Arc Tectonic Setting, International Geology Review 64 (2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1836523.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sehsah H., Eldosouky A.M., 2020. Neoproterozoic Hybrid Forearc – MOR Ophiolite Belts in the Northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: No Evidence for Back-Arc Tectonic Setting, International Geology Review 64 (2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2020.1836523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Si Mhamdi H., Raji M., Maimouni S., Oukassou M., 2017. Fractures Network Mapping Using Remote Sensing in the Paleozoic Massif of Tichka (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 10, 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2912-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Si Mhamdi H., Raji M., Maimouni S., Oukassou M., 2017. Fractures Network Mapping Using Remote Sensing in the Paleozoic Massif of Tichka (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 10, 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-2912-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh A., Harrison A., 1985. Standardized Principal Components. International Journal of Remote Sensing 6 (6), 883–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168508948511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh A., Harrison A., 1985. Standardized Principal Components. International Journal of Remote Sensing 6 (6), 883–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168508948511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soulaimani A., Admou H., Youbi N., Hafid A., Hefferan K.P., 2014. Application of ASTER Remote Sensing Data to Geological Mapping of Basement Domains in Arid Regions: A Case Study from the Central Anti-Atlas, Iguerda Inlier, Morocco. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7, 2407–2422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0945-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soulaimani A., Admou H., Youbi N., Hafid A., Hefferan K.P., 2014. Application of ASTER Remote Sensing Data to Geological Mapping of Basement Domains in Arid Regions: A Case Study from the Central Anti-Atlas, Iguerda Inlier, Morocco. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7, 2407–2422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-0945-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stern R.J., 1994. Arc Assembly and Continental Collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: Implications for the Consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stern R.J., 1994. Arc Assembly and Continental Collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: Implications for the Consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sulaksana N., Helman A., 2014. The Analysis of Remote Sensing Imagery for Predicting Structural Geology in Berau Basin East Kalimantan. International Journal of Science and Research 3 (4), 18–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sulaksana N., Helman A., 2014. The Analysis of Remote Sensing Imagery for Predicting Structural Geology in Berau Basin East Kalimantan. International Journal of Science and Research 3 (4), 18–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vail J.R., 1983. Pan-African Crustal Accretion in North-East Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1 (3–4), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7247(83)80013-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vail J.R., 1983. Pan-African Crustal Accretion in North-East Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1 (3–4), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7247(83)80013-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valero S., Chanussot J., Benediktsson J.A., Talbot H., Waske B., 2010. Advanced Directional Mathematical Morphology for the Detection of the Road Network in Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images. Pattern Recognition Letters 31 (10), 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.12.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valero S., Chanussot J., Benediktsson J.A., Talbot H., Waske B., 2010. Advanced Directional Mathematical Morphology for the Detection of the Road Network in Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images. Pattern Recognition Letters 31 (10), 1120–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.12.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Meer F.D., van der Werff H.M.A., van Ruitenbeek F.J.A., 2014. Potential of ESA’s Sentinel-2 for Geological Applications. Remote Sensing of Environment 148, 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Meer F.D., van der Werff H.M.A., van Ruitenbeek F.J.A., 2014. Potential of ESA’s Sentinel-2 for Geological Applications. Remote Sensing of Environment 148, 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang M., Howarth P.J., 1993. Modeling Errors in Remote Sensing Image Classification. Remote Sensing of Environment 45 (3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90109-B.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang M., Howarth P.J., 1993. Modeling Errors in Remote Sensing Image Classification. Remote Sensing of Environment 45 (3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90109-B.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
