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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gtcrust</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Геодинамика и тектонофизика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Geodynamics &amp; Tectonophysics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2078-502X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of the Earth's crust of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5800/GT-2020-11-2-0483</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gtcrust-1041</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕКТОНОФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TECTONOPHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДЕФОРМАЦИОННОГО ПРОЦЕССА НА РАЗЛОМЕ В МЕТАСТАБИЛЬНОМ СОСТОЯНИИ ПЕРЕД ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЕМ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OBSERVABLE DEFORMATION PROCESS IN FAULT META-INSTABILITY STATE BEFORE EARTHQUAKE GENERATION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-4011</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуо</surname><given-names>Юаншуан</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Yanshuang</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">guoysh@ies.ac.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чжуо</surname><given-names>Янцюнь</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuo</surname><given-names>Yanqun</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">zhuoyq@ies.ac.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лю</surname><given-names>Пэйксунь</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Peixun</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">liupeixun@sina.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3886-5328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чен</surname><given-names>Шуньюнь</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Shunyun</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">chenshy@ies.ac.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8593-7027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ма</surname><given-names>Цзинь</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Jin</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственная центральная лаборатория динамики землетрясений, Институт геологии, Администрация по землетрясениям Китая</institution><country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration</institution><country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>417</fpage><lpage>430</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гуо Ю., Чжуо Я., Лю П., Чен Ш., Ма Ц., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гуо Ю., Чжуо Я., Лю П., Чен Ш., Ма Ц.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Guo Y., Zhuo Y., Liu P., Chen S., Ma J.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/1041">https://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/1041</self-uri><abstract><p>Предлагается новый подход к выделению предвестников землетрясения в зоне разлома с высоким уровнем напряжений, опирающийся на понятия его устойчивого состояния и энергетического баланса. В условиях экспериментального воспроизведения модели прерывистого «stick-slip» в пределах полного цикла медленной нагрузки и быстрой разгрузки деформируемого образца с разрезом, имитирующим разлом, предельные состояния его метастабильности и метанестабильности при пиковом критическом напряжении определяются как переходная фаза от устойчивости к неустойчивости со спонтанной генерацией импульсной подвижки (т.е. генерации землетрясения). С переходом модельного разлома в состояние метанестабильности стартует процесс медленного, пространственно-дискретного, избирательного высвобождения накопленных на нем напряжений. Выявление этого процесса до его перехода в стадию быстрой нестабильности имеет важное прогнозное значение для превентивной оценки риска в тектонически активных регионах. В выполненном авторами экспериментальном исследовании проанализированы вариации тензора напряжений в нагруженном гранитном образце с прямолинейным разрезом в течение метанестабильной стадии, а также проведено наблюдение пространственно-временных особенностей этого параметра в течение всего процесса деформации модельного разлома.</p><p>Установлено, что по простиранию разлома имеют место сегменты с низкими и высокими значениями объемной деформации, которым соответствуют два типа нестабильности. Первые закладываются на участках с пониженной прочностью и становятся сегментами начального высвобождения энергии в начальную стадию нестабильности. Вторые, наоборот, характерны для участков упрочнения разлома, где происходит блокировка напряжений, и впоследствии превращаются в начальные области быстрой нестабильности.</p><p>В рамках процесса нестабильности разлома выделены две стадии. В первую стадию происходит реализация небольших медленных сдвиговых смещений на разломе в пределах сегментов первого типа, именуемых в литературе предсмещениями, низкочастотными, медленными или тихими землетрясениями и т.д. Сегментация развивается с ускорением, что способствует переходу деформационного процесса во вторую стадию, когда происходит быстрое динамической объединение сегментов обоих типов с реализацией большого смещения по разлому, что соответствует сильному землетрясению в природе.</p><p>В условиях нестабильности разлома зафиксированы два типа деформации вдоль его простирания: фронтальная миграция деформации вдоль сегментов первого типа при смещениях по ним к сегментам второго и импульс деформации сжатия после реализации объемной деформации после смещения, распространяющийся на определенное расстояние в условиях роста приложенной к образцу нагрузки. В выполненных экспериментах фронтальная деформация возникала примерно за 12 с до быстрой нестабильности разлома, а импульс сжатия начинается менее чем за 0,1 с до неё. Динамическая деформация на разломе проявляется квазисинхронно по простиранию разлома во всех точках измерения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the steady state of fault and energy balance, we provided a new idea to observe the precursors for a stressed fault. The meta-instability (or sub-instability) state of a fault is defined as the transition phase from peak stress to critical stress of fast instability (earthquake generation) during a full period of slow loading and fast unloading. The accumulative deformation energy begins to release in this stage. Identifying its deformation before fast instability would be beneficial to obtain premonitory information, and to evaluate the seismic risks of tectonic regions. In this study, we emphasized to analyze deformation process of the meta-instable stage with stain tensor data from a straight precut fault in granite at a slow loading rate, and observed the tempo-spatial features during the full deformation process of the fault. Two types of tectonic zones and instabilities occur on the stick-slip fault. The low- and high-value segments in the volume strain component appear along the fault strike with a load increment. The former first weakens and then becomes initial energy release segments; the latter forms strong stress-interlocking areas and finally turns into the initial region of fast instability. And there are two stages in the entire instable process of the fault: the initial stage is associated with the release of the low volume strain segments, which means fault pre-slips, slow earthquakes or weak earthquakes. The second one characterizes a strong earthquake through the release of high volume strain parts. The rupture acceleration in the first stage promotes the generation of the second. Moreover, fault instability contains two types of strain adjustments along the fault: the front-like strain change along the transition segments from low- to high- strain portions with volume strain release, and the compressive strain pulse of fault instability after the volume strain release extends to a certain range with loading increment. In laboratory experiments, the front-type strain occurs about 12 seconds before fast fault instability; the compressive pulse initiates within less than 0.1 second, and then the fault turns quickly into a dynamic strain adjustment, which appears quasi-synchronously between different measurement points, and, finally, an earthquake is generated.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метанестабильность разлома</kwd><kwd>процесс деформации</kwd><kwd>тензор деформации</kwd><kwd>информация о предвестнике землетрясения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fault meta-instability</kwd><kwd>deformation process</kwd><kwd>strain tensor</kwd><kwd>precursory information</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование финансируется Национальным фондом естественных наук Китая (гранты № 41911530111 и № 41572181), Национальной ключевой программой исследований и разработок Китая (грант № 2018YFC1503301) и фондами фундаментальных исследований Института геологии Управления землетрясений Китая (грант № IGCEA1203).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants No. 41911530111 and No. 41572181), the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (grant No. 2018YFC1503301) and the Basic Research Funds from Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration (grant No. IGCEA1203).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aochi H., Fukuyama E., 2002. 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